Hemodialysis In Esrd Diabetics Health And Social Care Essay

Interminable kidney sickness ( CKD ) is characterized as the irreversible loss of kidney delineate can be ordered as symptomless kidney hurt with mellow nephritic disfunction or end-stage nephritic illness ( ESRD ) . ESRD at long last outcomes in expire without nephritic supplanting treatment, which can be either nephritic organ transplant or dialysis. Nephritic supplanting treatment as an intercession convention distinguishes that, at end-stage nephritic illness, the ideal mediation is kidney organ transplant, as dialysis can non retroflex the biosynthetic and metabolic exercises of the typical kidney ( Haller, Gutjahr, Kramar, Harnoncourt, and A ; Oberbauer, 2011 ) . End-stage nephritic sicknesses and its forerunner CKD are internationally developing as a significant open wellbeing work, with expanding bleakness and mortality each piece great as financial derivations for social insurance, ( Szucsa, Sandoza, and A ; Keuschb, 2004 ) . The World Health Organization 2002 estimation demonstrated that all around CKD adds to more than 850 000 expires and more than 15 million handicap balanced life mature ages, with plague ascent of ESRD in numerous parts known to mankind. The examination noticed that by 2010 in excess of 2 million individuals will require care dialysis around the world, ( WHO, 2003 ) . In St. Lucia, interminable nephritic deficiency as an outcome of diabetes, hypertension, autosomal prevailing polycystic kidney sickness, and harvesting snare cell infection are the central reason for get bringing down dialysis mediation in patients with kidney map disappointment. This is like the discoveries of PeroviA†¡ and JankoviA†¡ ( 2009 ) . Zelmer ( 2007 ) hypothesizes that non only is ESRD an interminable infection with significant grimness sway, however it other than includes significant expense mediation alternatives. These alternatives are as often as possible constrained in creating states, for example, St. Lucia, where accessible alternatives incorporate haemodialysis or the forceful bearing of danger components to confine designed development of ESRD. Worldwide estimations demonstrate that around 30 % of patients with ESRD are as an impact of diabetic nephropathy [ recognition ] . In St. Lucia, the figure is essentially higher, stand foring 41 % of the ESRD patients who have gotten haemodialysis for the period 2002-2009. At the terminal of that 8 twelvemonth period ( 2002-2009 ) death rate among that populace was each piece high as 53 % with mean age at perish being 57 mature ages. These factual figures demonstrate that ESRD among diabetics is a genuine health worry with unpropitious clinical outcomes that straight effect personal satisfaction while bring forthing huge clinical expenses. The monetary power per unit territories of ESRD intercession on the corporate wellbeing framework are acceptable archived. Haller et Al. ( 2011 ) recognizes it as asset intensifier, requiring huge totals of limited medicinal services financess to deal with a little for every centum of the populace. In 2005 completely, consideration for ESRD patients in Canada spoke to 1.2 % of all human services outgo, regardless of a rate of 0.092 % , ( Zelmer, 2007 ) . Under 0.06 % of St. Lucians have ESRD, yet the illness produced direct social insurance cost is significant contrasted with different infections. In 2008, the immediate medicinal services cost of ESRD was $ 2.2 million EC, around 5 % of the human services outgo, the monetary load of which was borne predominantly by the specialists. These discoveries show that the financial studies of ESRD treatments are a little yet rather costly segment inside the general human services stipulation in any state. However cost-adequacy surveies of the methods of intercession are not many ( Haller, 2011 ) . Cost-adequacy is the quickest turning field in wellbeing exploration and it typifies a signifier of full monetary rating that takes a gander at cost and impact of health projects or intercession ( Muennig, 2008 ) . Utilizing the definition by Palmer ( 2005 ) that states â€Å" cost-viability surveies contrast costs and clinical outcomes estimated in regular units, similar to life expectation or mature ages of maladies kept away from † , Glassock ( 2010 ) noticed that the whole of expenses may non needfully be caught. Be that as it may, it is an utile device with relevance for the enconomic anlaysis of issues inside the health framework. Cost-adequacy examination ( CEA ) of intervention programs as an important apparatus utilized by chiefs can be utilized to gauge each piece Wellss as perchance better how the health framework works. Its application permits strategy shapers to put which mediations give the most elevated â€Å" incentive to cash † and help in helping to pick interventions and projects that augment health for the accessible assets. Wellbeing monetary specialists can purchase the most health under a fixed financial plan, organizing administrations inside the wellbeing part. CEA henceforth requires data on the degree to which current and potential interventions improve populace health, for example , effectivity and the assets required to actualize the mediations, for example , costs, ( Muennig, 2008 ) . The incorporation of cost organizations that the structure of the study will coordinate cost-unit examination as an apparatus to break down the monetary effect of the stipulation of the administration of dialysis for terminal stage nephritic patients with diabetes and cost effectivity to locate the quality balanced life twelvemonth ( QALYs ) or wellbeing related personal satisfaction ( HRQoL ) for that populace. The main outcome step will focus on costs per quality-balanced life mature ages ( QALYs ) , like a review directed in Austria ( Haller et al. , 2011 ) . QALYs were evaluated using the 15D, a nonexclusive normalized instrument to mensurate wellbeing related personal satisfaction, ( Sintonen, 2001 ) . Cost will be seen from the situation of direct dispensing on health consideration for dialysis, combined with the roundabout expenses of productiveness losingss because of untimely expire and short-and since a long time ago run disablement. The effect of mortality costs as the measure of the limited present estimation of current and future productiveness losingss from untimely expires will be estimated from an episode based human capital assault, pulling from a comparable study led in Canada in 2000 ( Zelmer, 2007 ) . Muennig ( 2008 ) places that since it is every now and again difficult to represent all expense, and the clasp and asset limitations related with smaller scale costing, certain premises as identifies with costs are much of the time made during cost-adequacy examination. This overview utilizes the utilization of a specialists position to examine the cost effectivity of dialysis for terminal stage nephritic patients with diabetes in St. Lucia. This necessitates cost examination be led to mensurate the rehashing immediate and circuitous expense of providing the administration. In the part, explicitly in the state under review, health consideration associations rarely know the expense of the administration gave and only from time to time utilize the apparatuses expected to quantify that cost on an ordinary balance. In an all inclusive runing financial society, monetary propensities have made it basic for both net gain and non-benefit associations that offer types of assistance, including specialists departments, to gauge the expense of clinical administrations gave. Fund for wellbeing is non unbounded and with huge spending cuts in the health administration industry, there is expanding power per unit zone for health consideration establishments to go pr ogressively responsible and be increasingly proficient with the financess dispensed to wellbeing consideration ( Basch, 1999 ) . Wellbeing monetary sciences perceives the interest for health administrations to be given in a mode that is non only proficient yet manageable. Estimating, understanding and archiving the expense of administrations makes it simpler to all the more likely cost-effectiveness of these administrations, while foregrounding the help requests of the division and by augmentation the specialists. It other than gives an opportunity to set up expenses for customers that depend on reasonable site costs. Past surveies on cost-viability of intercession alternatives for ESRD have thought about various methods of dialysis or organ transplant, [ acclamation ] . The examination of haemodialysis versus pharmaceutical course to keep ESRD designed development adaptable joints on the way that the current limit of the Renal Unit in St. Lucia can non flexibly dialysis for all ESRD patients. Yet, it is fairly evident that haemodialysis like pharmaceutical course is non the ideal intercession alternative for ESRD as the ideal convention is organ transplant. The wellbeing framework in St. Lucia is commanded by its plans to better the wellbeing of the populace and likewise needs to ensure that its restricted assets are non dedicated to costly mediations with little consequences for populace health, while at a similar clasp minimal effort interventions with conceivably more prominent advantages are non to the full executed. While old exploration has been led to put the monetary effect of the evaluated human services costs for ESRD, each piece great as the cost-adequacy of arranged choices for nephritic supplanting treatments, comparable surveies have non been repeated in the asset tied Eastern Caribbean. This study wishes to focus on the cost-adequacy of haemodialysis among type 2 diabetics in St. Lucia over a 8 twelvemonth period ( 2002-2008 ) . Utilizing the utilization of CEA, it targets looking at the expense and impacts or results ( cost-viability ) of haemodialysis for diabetic nephropathy using the comparator of making nil, which in this example is the pharmaceutical heading of patients with diabetic kidney illnesses to confine designed development of ESRD. This is especially pertinent to the wellbeing framework in St. Lucia, as worries on the pervasiveness of diabetes mellitus and its pace of expansion, and the assurance to spread out the support of two new establishments without research necess itates that a superior trepidation of the range and extent of the whole financial heap of ESRD and the cost effectivity of dialysis intercession for

A Primer on the Price Elasticity of Demand

A Primer on the Price Elasticity of Demand Value versatility of interest (now and again alluded to just as value flexibility or flexibility of interest) quantifies the responsiveness of amount requested to a cost. The recipe for value flexibility of interest (PEoD) is: PEoD (% Change in Quantity Demanded)/(% Change in Price) (Note that value flexibility of interest is not the same as the slant of the interest bend, despite the fact that the incline of the interest bend additionally gauges the responsiveness of interest to cost, as it were.) 2:48 Watch Now: How Does Price Elasticity of Demand Work? Computing the Price Elasticity of Demand You might be posed the inquiry Given the accompanying information, compute the value flexibility of interest when the value changes from $9.00 to $10.00. Utilizing the outline on the base of the page, well walk you through responding to this inquiry. (Your course may utilize the more muddled Arc Price Elasticity of Demand recipe. Assuming this is the case, youll need to see the article on Arc Elasticity) To start with, well need to discover the information we need. We realize that the first cost is $9 and the new cost is $10, so we have Price(OLD)$9 and Price(NEW)$10. From the outline, we see that the amount requested when the cost is $9 is 150 and when the cost is $10 is 110. Since were going from $9 to $10, we have QDemand(OLD)150 and QDemand(NEW)110, where QDemand is short for Quantity Demanded. In this way we have: Price(OLD)9Price(NEW)10QDemand(OLD)150QDemand(NEW)110 To figure the value versatility, we have to recognize what the rate change in amount request is and what the rate change in cost is. Its best to ascertain these each in turn. Ascertaining the Percentage Change in Quantity Demanded The recipe used to figure the rate change in amount requested is: [QDemand(NEW) - QDemand(OLD)]/QDemand(OLD) By filling in the qualities we recorded, we get: [110 - 150]/150 (- 40/150) - 0.2667 We note that % Change in Quantity Demanded - 0.2667 (We leave this in decimal terms. In rate terms this would be - 26.67%). Presently we have to compute the rate change in cost. Computing the Percentage Change in Price Like previously, the recipe used to figure the rate change in cost is: [Price(NEW) - Price(OLD)]/Price(OLD) By filling in the qualities we recorded, we get: [10 - 9]/9 (1/9) 0.1111 We have both the rate change in amount request and the rate change in cost, so we can ascertain the value flexibility of interest. Last Step of Calculating the Price Elasticity of Demand We return to our recipe of: PEoD (% Change in Quantity Demanded)/(% Change in Price) We would now be able to fill in the two rates in this condition utilizing the figures we determined before. PEoD (- 0.2667)/(0.1111) - 2.4005 At the point when we break down value versatilities were worried about their supreme worth, so we disregard the negative worth. We presume that the cost flexibility of interest when the cost increments from $9 to $10 are 2.4005. How Do We Interpret the Price Elasticity of Demand? A decent market analyst isn't simply keen on figuring numbers. The number is an unfortunate chore; on account of value versatility of interest it is utilized to perceive how delicate the interest for a decent is to a value change. The higher the value versatility, the more touchy shoppers are to value changes. An exceptionally significant expense flexibility recommends that when the cost of a decent goes up, shoppers will purchase significantly less of it and when the cost of that great goes down, customers will purchase significantly more. An extremely low value flexibility infers the polar opposite, that adjustments in cost have little effect on request. Frequently a task or a test will ask you a subsequent inquiry, for example, Is the acceptable value versatile or inelastic somewhere in the range of $9 and $10. To address that question, you utilize the accompanying general guideline: On the off chance that PEoD 1, at that point Demand is Price Elastic (Demand is delicate to value changes)If PEoD 1 at that point Demand is Unit ElasticIf PEoD 1 at that point Demand is Price Inelastic (Demand isn't touchy to value changes) Review that we generally disregard the negative sign when investigating value flexibility, so PEoD is consistently positive. On account of our great, we determined the value flexibility of interest to be 2.4005, so our great is value versatile and in this manner request is exceptionally delicate to value changes. Information Cost Amount Demanded Amount Supplied $7 200 50 $8 180 90 $9 150 150 $10 110 210 $11 60 250

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Artistic Appropriation, Copyright and Creativity Literature review

Imaginative Appropriation, Copyright and Creativity - Literature audit Example Arrangement is a kind of appointment. Various pieces of copyrighted works are fused in an arbitrary way to shape a very surprising and new work not recently existed. Point This writing survey means to investigate the distinctive scholars’ sees in the kindness of the explanation that cutting edge extent of copyright confines the way of life of arrangement and visual expressions allotment just as the perspectives on researchers against this thought. Targets 1. What is the idea of apportionment? 2. What is the advanced understanding of a copyright? 3. What is the effect of copyright on the imagination and headway of masterful information? 4. How practice of appointment can make due in the mechanical age? 5. What are the elective ways to deal with utilize copyrighted works without falling back on an encroachment? 6. What works are appropriated and are viewed as enforceable in the courtrooms? 7. Are there any speculations for copyright and reasonable use? 8. Is there any case law a ccessible identified with assignment and copyrights? 9. Who are the creators for the announcement and against it? Writing Review Lankford (2011) investigated the historical backdrop of the act of appropriating visual expressions. He contended that this training goes back to Greeks period who developed the strategy of appointment. ... The creator further saw that accordingly, the craftsman unreservedly appropriated different attempts to frame an arrangement work (Cohen, 2011; p.89). The advanced copyright law has its foundations in the Statute of Anne of 1710 that perceived creator rights in a certain yet restricted way (Pedley, 2005). Hampel (1992) contended in the kindness of artist’s assignment. He hypothesized that the allotment doesn't deny the copyright holders of their copyrights and any of their budgetary advantages. Hence, Hampel (1992) necessitated that they ought to be allowed to utilize the different artist’s works without looking for approval or permitting. Besides, Meyers (2006) featured that the copyrights law debilitates the specialists to grow and enhance in their works. The creator commandingly couldn't help contradicting the permitting and approval prerequisites to start an assignment of visual expressions, which delays the time span for its finish. Davies (2010) a supporter of cop yright law gives that the term copyright truly implies the option to duplicate. He hypothesized that the allotment of visual expressions as an arrangement work is a copyrightable topic as it is an articulation in physical structure rather than a simple thought that has no physical structure for guaranteeing protected innovation rights over it. He gave that when a work is applied for copyright enrollment, the Intellectual Property Office of United Kingdom analyzes the work regarding its creativity, level of work, ability or judgment displayed by the work. Davies (2010) given that the work must be unique and ought not be like others copyrighted work else it will end up being an encroachment of other’s copyright. The

What Makes People Attractive to Others Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

What Makes People Attractive to Others - Essay Example This is on the grounds that this is the prime age for youthful yet yearning ladies to set themselves up for this present reality once they graduate. Fascination, having an abstract measurement to it, can have a physical relationship also an undeniably progressively profound fascination identified with a person’s conduct. The inclination of one over the other is subject to explicit circumstances and individuals youthful school ladies run over. Consequently, it can’t be dispassionately characterized. Accordingly, this paper would examine the basic viewpoints which make certain ladies alluring to other people. Physical fascination has a significant impact while interfacing with individuals of your own age, particularly individuals of the contrary sexual orientation. Ladies, planning to be well known in their school and somewhere else are at a preferred position when favored with appealing highlights. Studies have demonstrated that balanced highlights in ladies pull in men. â€Å"A conceivable reason for that fluctuating asymmetry is presentation to oxidative worry in the belly which meddles with legitimate turn of events. The undeveloped organism expects vitality to create properly† (Independent Digital News and Media).Therefore, school going ladies with superbly balanced highlights, who have been appropriately supported in any event, when in the belly, are almost certain to catch men’s eye. In addition, school ladies looking through imminent dating accomplices should relinquish the worn out playing â€Å"hard to get† mentality as checked by a bbc investigate. School ladies are pulled in to those that are difficult to get for others yet simple to get for them. This is additionally bolstered by the â€Å"selective difficulty† hypothesis (Science: Human Body and Mind). A few investigations have demonstrated that men are particularly pulled in to ladies with a low hip proportion †little midriffs, huge hips and long legs (Feng). Accordingly, young ladies can prepare themselves to have the previously mentioned physical characteristics to pull in men towards them. Also, components, for example, conduct and character can be appealing as well, yet prevalently second in inclination. For the most part, sacrificial or charitable conduct draws in men towards ladies. Consequently, in one’s dealings it is desirable over have a sacrificial manner. Besides, as indicated by an examination ladies who are progressively intuitive and seen more have a higher likelihood of standing out when contrasted with the individuals who barely look into their environmental factors. Richard Moreland and Scott Beach (1992) showed this effect by orchestrating gatherings of four ladies in school classrooms(Smith and Diane).Women who were seen all the more regularly were discovered more alluring to the school mates instead of the ones who went to less classes. The more, charitable, mindful and benevolent you are, the more app ealing you appear to other people. This remains constant for ladies also. With respect to character attributes that pull in individuals, the singularity of an individual which makes her stand apart stands out (Smith and Diane) Furthermore, Eliott Aronson, a social therapist at Stanford University, recommends dependent on investigate that individuals who feel they are appealing - however not really appraised all things considered - are similarly as fruitful as their partners who are decided to be attractive (Feng). This shows self-assurance is likewise a methods for drawing in others. In this manner, school going women who need to be effective by pulling in individuals are prescribed to have confidence in themselves. This is material for the most part while going for temporary job interviews and keeping in mind that endeavoring to draw in the instructors’ consideration during class introductions in universities. As indicated by an examination by the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, gorgeous individuals get more cash-flow than common looking individuals (Secrets of

Tips for Writing an Exam Essay in 80 minutes

1. Read the prompt. We've all been there. The teacher is at the front of the classroom with a pile a blue books. She begins handing them out. You scrawl the name and date on the front, and wait for her to start the timer. As you open the first page, an overwhelming white page stares back at you. And you panic. Luckily, there are ways to prepare for essay exams that make this moment easier. Believe it or not, is a matter of remembering steps -- simply master the approach and practice it, and you will do better. Promise. So what are the steps? 1. Read the prompt. You should start with the prompt, identifying the component parts as quickly as you can. What are you being asked? What are the different parts of the story that you should be looking at carefully while you read? Feel free to practice your active reading by circling any key components of the question being asked of you, especially if there are multiple parts.(2 minutes) 2. Read the story. Now it is time to read the story carefully with an eye towards the prompt. Underline and take notes to be sure you have something to revert back to for the next step. (10 minutes) 3. Identify key ideas. Look over your underlining and notes. What are the major patterns in your observations? Jot down the key ideas that emerged from your reading and what evidence from the story might be used to support these ideas. Consider what it is you want to tell the reader. (2 minutes) 4. Outline the essay. Make sure you write down what each paragraph will be about (the topic sentence) and what the essay as whole will be about (the thesis statement). Make a plan for your essay. You should include an even amount of time per paragraph as well as 10 minutes at the end for copy editing and proofreading. (5 – 10 minutes) 5. Now, you write. Remember that the topic sentence must come first in any paragraph. The paragraph functions to support the topic sentence. (10 – 15 minutes per paragraph, a 5 paragraph essay should take 40 minutes without a conclusion, but you can obviously extend this time if you have it) 6. Conclude your findings. Spend a little time on your conclusion, so that it effectively summarizes what you’ve written. Don’t be afraid to repeat yourself. In an essay, repetition can be very clarifying. (5 – 10 minutes) 7. Edit and proofread. Once you have drafted the essay, go back and refine the introduction/thesis statement as well as each topic sentence. These are the most important elements of the essay. Proofread the essay. (10 minutes) Easy, right? Well, not so fast. The steps won't work unless you practice. Ask your teacher or professor how best to prepare for the essay exams (hint: oftentimes the homework will mirror what to expect). Using the homework and course readings, try practicing the steps under timed conditions, making sure each step sticks to the time allotted. The more you practice, the easier it will become. No more blue book blues! Are you interested in connecting with a writing tutor to help you with your upcoming essay exam? ; Want to read more on the subject of writing? You should check out some of our previous blogs, below! 6 Young Adult Books Everyone Should Read Three Ways to Build Good Vocab Habits for Standardized Tests How To Strengthen Your Writing In One Easy Step

Flotation Method in Archaeology

Archaeological flotation is a laboratory technique used to recover tiny artifacts and plant remains from soil samples. Invented in the early 20th century, flotation is today still one of the most common ways to retrieve carbonized plant remains from archaeological contexts. In flotation, the technician places dried soil on a screen of mesh wire cloth, and water is gently bubbled up through the soil. Less dense materials such as seeds, charcoal, and other light material (called the light fraction) float up, and tiny pieces of stone called microliths or micro-debitage, bone fragments, and other relatively heavy materials (called the heavy fraction) are left behind on the mesh. History of the Method The earliest published use of water separation dates to 1905, when German Egyptologist Ludwig Wittmack used it to recover plant remains from ancient adobe brick. The widespread use of flotation in archaeology was the result of a 1968 publication by archaeologist Stuart Struever who used the technique on the recommendations of botanist Hugh Cutler. The first pump-generated machine was developed in 1969 by David French for use at two Anatolian sites. The method was first applied in southwest Asia at Ali Kosh in 1969 by Hans Helbaek; machine-assisted flotation was first conducted at Franchthi cave in Greece, in the early 1970s. The Flote-Tech, the first standalone machine to support flotation, was invented by R.J. Dausman in the late 1980s. Microflotation, which uses glass beakers and magnetic stirrers for gentler processing, was developed in the 1960s for use by various chemists but not extensively used by archaeologists until the 21st century. Benefits and Costs The reason for the initial development of archaeological flotation was efficiency: the method allows for the rapid processing of many soil samples and the recovery of small objects which otherwise might only be collected by laborious hand-picking. Further, the standard process uses only inexpensive and readily available materials: a container, small-sized meshes (250 microns is typical), and water. However, plant remains are typically quite fragile, and, beginning as early as the 1990s, archaeologists became increasingly aware that some plant remains split open during water flotation. Some particles can completely disintegrate during water recovery, particularly from soils recovered in arid or semi-arid locations. Overcoming the Shortcomings The loss of plant remains during flotation is often linked to extremely dry soil samples, which can result from the region in which they are collected. The effect has also been associated with concentrations of salt, gypsum, or calcium coating of the remains. In addition, the natural oxidation process that occurs within archaeological sites converts charred materials which are originally hydrophobic to hydrophilic—and thus easier to disintegrate when exposed to water. Wood charcoal is one of the most common macro-remains found in archaeological sites. The lack of visible wood charcoal in a site is generally considered the result of the lack of preservation of the charcoal rather than the lack of a fire. The fragility of wood remains is associated with the state of the wood on burning: healthy, decayed, and green wood charcoals decay at different rates. Further, they have different social meanings: burned wood might have been building material, fuel for fire, or the result of brush clearing. Wood charcoal is also the main source for radiocarbon dating. The recovery of burned wood particles is thus an important source of information about the occupants of an archaeological site and the events that happened there. Studying Wood and Fuel Remains Decayed wood is particularly underrepresented at archaeological sites, and as today, such wood was often preferred for hearth fires in the past. In these cases, standard water flotation exacerbates the problem: charcoal from decayed wood is extremely fragile. Archaeologist Amaia Arrang-Oaegui found that certain woods from the site of Tell Qarassa North in southern Syria were more susceptible to being disintegrated during water processing—particularly Salix. Salix (willow or osier) is an important proxy for climate studies—its presence within a soil sample can indicate riverine microenvironments—and its loss from the record is a painful one. Arrang-Oaegui suggests a method for recovering wood samples that begins with hand-picking a sample before its placement in water to see if wood or other materials disintegrate. She also suggests that using other proxies such as pollen or phytoliths as indicators for the presence of plants, or ubiquity measures rather than raw counts as statistical indicators. Archaeologist Frederik Braadbaart has advocated the avoidance of sieving and flotation where possible when studying ancient fuel remains such as hearths and peat fires. He recommends instead a protocol of geochemistry based on elemental analysis and reflective microscopy. Microflotation The microflotation process is more time consuming and costly than traditional flotation, but it does recover more delicate plant remains, and is less costly than geochemical methods. Microflotation was used successfully to study soil samples from coal-contaminated deposits at Chaco Canyon. Archaeologist K.B. Tankersley and colleagues used a small (23.1 millimeters) magnetic stirrer, beakers, tweezers, and a scalpel to examine samples from 3-centimeter soil cores. The stirrer bar was placed at the bottom of a glass beaker and then rotated at 45-60 rpm to break the surface tension. The buoyant carbonized plant parts rise and the coal drops out, leaving wood charcoal suitable for AMS radiocarbon dating. Sources: Arranz-Otaegui A. 2016. Evaluating the impact of water flotation and the state of the wood in archaeological wood charcoal remains: Implications for the reconstruction of past vegetation and identification of firewood gathering strategies at Tell Qarassa North (south Syria). Quaternary International In pressBraadbaart F, van Brussel T, van Os B, and Eijskoot Y. 2017. Fuel remains in archaeological contexts: Experimental and archaeological evidence for recognizing remains in hearths used by Iron Age farmers who lived in peatlands. The Holocene:095968361770223.Hunter AA, and Gassner BR. 1998. Evaluation of the Flote-Tech machine-assisted flotation system. American Antiquity 63(1):143-156.Marekovic S, and Ã…  oÃ… ¡taric R. 2016. A comparison of the influences of flotation and wet sieving on certain carbonized legume and cereal remains. Acta Botanica Croatica 75(1):144-148.Rossen J. 1999. The Flote-Tech flotation machine: Messiah or mixed blessing? American Antiquity 64(2):370-372.Tanker sley KB, Owen LA, Dunning NP, Fladd SG, Bishop KJ, Lentz DL, and Slotten V. 2017. Micro-flotation removal of coal contaminants from archaeological radiocarbon samples from Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, USA. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 12(Supplement C):66-73.