Flotation Method in Archaeology

Archaeological flotation is a laboratory technique used to recover tiny artifacts and plant remains from soil samples. Invented in the early 20th century, flotation is today still one of the most common ways to retrieve carbonized plant remains from archaeological contexts. In flotation, the technician places dried soil on a screen of mesh wire cloth, and water is gently bubbled up through the soil. Less dense materials such as seeds, charcoal, and other light material (called the light fraction) float up, and tiny pieces of stone called microliths or micro-debitage, bone fragments, and other relatively heavy materials (called the heavy fraction) are left behind on the mesh. History of the Method The earliest published use of water separation dates to 1905, when German Egyptologist Ludwig Wittmack used it to recover plant remains from ancient adobe brick. The widespread use of flotation in archaeology was the result of a 1968 publication by archaeologist Stuart Struever who used the technique on the recommendations of botanist Hugh Cutler. The first pump-generated machine was developed in 1969 by David French for use at two Anatolian sites. The method was first applied in southwest Asia at Ali Kosh in 1969 by Hans Helbaek; machine-assisted flotation was first conducted at Franchthi cave in Greece, in the early 1970s. The Flote-Tech, the first standalone machine to support flotation, was invented by R.J. Dausman in the late 1980s. Microflotation, which uses glass beakers and magnetic stirrers for gentler processing, was developed in the 1960s for use by various chemists but not extensively used by archaeologists until the 21st century. Benefits and Costs The reason for the initial development of archaeological flotation was efficiency: the method allows for the rapid processing of many soil samples and the recovery of small objects which otherwise might only be collected by laborious hand-picking. Further, the standard process uses only inexpensive and readily available materials: a container, small-sized meshes (250 microns is typical), and water. However, plant remains are typically quite fragile, and, beginning as early as the 1990s, archaeologists became increasingly aware that some plant remains split open during water flotation. Some particles can completely disintegrate during water recovery, particularly from soils recovered in arid or semi-arid locations. Overcoming the Shortcomings The loss of plant remains during flotation is often linked to extremely dry soil samples, which can result from the region in which they are collected. The effect has also been associated with concentrations of salt, gypsum, or calcium coating of the remains. In addition, the natural oxidation process that occurs within archaeological sites converts charred materials which are originally hydrophobic to hydrophilic—and thus easier to disintegrate when exposed to water. Wood charcoal is one of the most common macro-remains found in archaeological sites. The lack of visible wood charcoal in a site is generally considered the result of the lack of preservation of the charcoal rather than the lack of a fire. The fragility of wood remains is associated with the state of the wood on burning: healthy, decayed, and green wood charcoals decay at different rates. Further, they have different social meanings: burned wood might have been building material, fuel for fire, or the result of brush clearing. Wood charcoal is also the main source for radiocarbon dating. The recovery of burned wood particles is thus an important source of information about the occupants of an archaeological site and the events that happened there. Studying Wood and Fuel Remains Decayed wood is particularly underrepresented at archaeological sites, and as today, such wood was often preferred for hearth fires in the past. In these cases, standard water flotation exacerbates the problem: charcoal from decayed wood is extremely fragile. Archaeologist Amaia Arrang-Oaegui found that certain woods from the site of Tell Qarassa North in southern Syria were more susceptible to being disintegrated during water processing—particularly Salix. Salix (willow or osier) is an important proxy for climate studies—its presence within a soil sample can indicate riverine microenvironments—and its loss from the record is a painful one. Arrang-Oaegui suggests a method for recovering wood samples that begins with hand-picking a sample before its placement in water to see if wood or other materials disintegrate. She also suggests that using other proxies such as pollen or phytoliths as indicators for the presence of plants, or ubiquity measures rather than raw counts as statistical indicators. Archaeologist Frederik Braadbaart has advocated the avoidance of sieving and flotation where possible when studying ancient fuel remains such as hearths and peat fires. He recommends instead a protocol of geochemistry based on elemental analysis and reflective microscopy. Microflotation The microflotation process is more time consuming and costly than traditional flotation, but it does recover more delicate plant remains, and is less costly than geochemical methods. Microflotation was used successfully to study soil samples from coal-contaminated deposits at Chaco Canyon. Archaeologist K.B. Tankersley and colleagues used a small (23.1 millimeters) magnetic stirrer, beakers, tweezers, and a scalpel to examine samples from 3-centimeter soil cores. The stirrer bar was placed at the bottom of a glass beaker and then rotated at 45-60 rpm to break the surface tension. The buoyant carbonized plant parts rise and the coal drops out, leaving wood charcoal suitable for AMS radiocarbon dating. Sources: Arranz-Otaegui A. 2016. Evaluating the impact of water flotation and the state of the wood in archaeological wood charcoal remains: Implications for the reconstruction of past vegetation and identification of firewood gathering strategies at Tell Qarassa North (south Syria). Quaternary International In pressBraadbaart F, van Brussel T, van Os B, and Eijskoot Y. 2017. Fuel remains in archaeological contexts: Experimental and archaeological evidence for recognizing remains in hearths used by Iron Age farmers who lived in peatlands. The Holocene:095968361770223.Hunter AA, and Gassner BR. 1998. Evaluation of the Flote-Tech machine-assisted flotation system. American Antiquity 63(1):143-156.Marekovic S, and Ã…  oÃ… ¡taric R. 2016. A comparison of the influences of flotation and wet sieving on certain carbonized legume and cereal remains. Acta Botanica Croatica 75(1):144-148.Rossen J. 1999. The Flote-Tech flotation machine: Messiah or mixed blessing? American Antiquity 64(2):370-372.Tanker sley KB, Owen LA, Dunning NP, Fladd SG, Bishop KJ, Lentz DL, and Slotten V. 2017. Micro-flotation removal of coal contaminants from archaeological radiocarbon samples from Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, USA. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 12(Supplement C):66-73.

Evaluation Of Nursing And Nursing Education Essay

INTRODUCTION We had 12 modules (each with 3MCQS) from block-7 (Education and Nursing Education). I will be identifying 10 concepts from them and thoroughly scrutinize how they would apply to my personal life, and other contextual settings such as social context, coupled with current related researches on these concepts. However, their applications to my current workplace (Havana Specialist Hospital, Surulere, Lagos) and the usefulness to the current world will also be discussed. The concepts are as follows: Evaluation (M10), Reporting and Recording (M8), Educational Assessment (M10), Performance Appraisal (M10), Addictions (M12), Counseling (M11), Interpersonal Relationship (M4), Motivation (M7), Group and Group dynamics (M4), and Selection Test (M10). 1. EVALUATION (M10) Evaluation is part of the final stage of the nursing process involving other parts such as implementation, planning, nursing diagnosis and assessment. It involves establishment of criteria, analysis of variables affecting outcomes and conclusions and modifications in the nursing care plan. As an integral part of learning and teaching, it involves collection and analysis of data continuously. According to Ralp Tyler â€Å"Evaluation involves determining to what extent the educational objectives can be realized. It goes hand in hand with learning experiences and instructional objectives. When an executive of an organization or an educational organization considers the success or failure of hisShow MoreRelatedStandard Two : Planning And Evaluation1180 Words   |  5 PagesSTANDARD TWO: PLANNING AND EVALUATION The University carries out its mission to students, businesses, and communities by employing comprehensive and broad-based planning and evaluation activities. Academic planning and evaluation efforts involve and engage all Academic Program Managers (APMs) / Academic Directors, the Director of Assessment, the Deans and the Provost, as well as representatives from divisions beyond Academic Affairs. Evaluation activities are supported through the budget planning/Read MoreCapstone Project : Nursing Simulation Essay1487 Words   |  6 PagesCapstone Project: Nursing Simulation Rubric Nursing simulation, a progressive method of education and utilized by nursing programs, improves patient outcomes by giving students opportunities to practice and learn new nursing skills in non-threatening environments. The use of simulation experiences origins hold root in the military and airline industries. Nevertheless, since that time, many academic interest groups, including medical and nursing education have adopted this educational method. Read MoreEvaluation And Evaluation Of A Rubric For Nursing Simulation Essay1486 Words   |  6 PagesNursing simulation, a progressive method of education and utilized by nursing programs, improves patient outcomes by giving students opportunities to practice and learn new nursing skills in non-threatening environments. The uses of simulation experiences hold origin in the military and airline industries. Nevertheless, since that time, many academic interest groups, including medical and nursing education have adopted this educationa l method. Furthermore, anticipated is the idea that simulationRead MoreEvaluating The Learning Environment For Nursing Education Curriculum And Professional Development809 Words   |  4 PagesPracticum Experience The purpose of this practicum is to provide this nursing education student with the opportunity to participate in the teaching/evaluation of nurses at various educational levels in the hospital setting. This focused practicum involves course preparation, actual classroom teaching, evaluation methods (testing, conferencing), and participation in meetings. This practicum will provide this student with a variety of teaching strategies, knowledge, skills, and evaluative approachesRead MoreEvaluation And Evaluation Of A Rubric For Nursing Simulation Scenarios918 Words   |  4 PagesNursing simulation, a progressive method of education and utilized by nursing programs, improve patient outcomes through giving students opportunities to practice and learn new nursing skills in non-threatening environments. The use of simulation experiences origins stems from the military and airline industries. Nevertheless, since that time, many academic interest groups, including medical and nursing edu cation have adopted this educational method. Furthermore, it is anticipated that simulationRead MoreUti Research Paper1065 Words   |  5 PagesThe Addition of Education in Preventing Urinary Tract Infections Among Nursing Home Residents Urinary tract infections (UTI’s) are much too common in the elderly population (Lim, Whitehurst, Usoro, Ming Ng, 2014). Some residents who develop these nosocomial infections will become septic, leading to 10% mortality within 7 days (Saint, S., Kaufman, S.R., Rogers, M.A., Baker, P.D., Boyko, E.J., Lipsky, B.A., 2006). UTI’s can cost between $749 and $1,007 per infection (Meddings, J., Rogers, M.A.M,Read MoreClinical Practices Essay1749 Words   |  7 Pagesto demonstrate competent practice within the society. Determining sufficient of clinical assessments and the evaluation of the nursing students has redesigned a large amount of nursing school curriculum to remain relevant. Assessing students educational outcomes based on current clinical practices can be more challenging than just relaying on typical classroom theory in which the evaluation of cognitive knowledge can be tested. Within the clinical setting, students are required to reach a particularRead MoreEff ectiveness Of The Current Hourly Rounding Process846 Words   |  4 Pages Purpose of the Evaluation The broad purpose of the evaluation is to improve the effectiveness of the current hourly rounding process. By conducting an evaluation, information was gathered about potential obstacles to performing hourly rounding. Another purpose of the evaluation is to determine if patient satisfaction, the rate of falls, and call bell usage were impacted by the purposeful hourly rounding initiative. The evaluation may suggest a revision to the current hourly rounding tool thatRead MoreEvaluation Of A Nursing Internship Experience Based On An Educational Program For Wound Assessment And Documentation1451 Words   |  6 PagesPracticum Evaluation Summary With ongoing monetary restraints and increased federal regulatory requirements over hospital-acquired conditions, health care executives, leaders, and providers are increasingly challenged to keep patient safe and deliver quality patient care. In 2008, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) stopped reimbursing hospitals for cost associated with treating hospital-acquired stage III and IV pressure ulcers. According to CMS, Pressure ulcers and skin breakdownRead MoreIdentify the stages of the Nursing Process and the skills essential to the Nursing Process1672 Words   |  7 PagesThe nursing process is a five stage systematic framework, and based on the problem solving approach; it forms the foundation for nursing practice to facilitate focussed, individualised care planning for patients (Yildirim and Ozkahraman 2011). This assignment will serve to identify the five stages of the nursing process: Assessment, Nursing Diagnosis, Planning, Implementation and Evaluation. T he skills: Communication, Observation, Critical Thinking and Reflection involved within the nursing process

Correlation between Gender and Seafaring in the Book, Iron...

In Iron Men, Wooden Women: Gender and Seafaring in the Atlantic World, 1700-1920, Margaret Creighton and Lisa Norling, in addition to their co- authors, studies the correlation between gender and seafaring. This collection of ten essays explores the basic theme of gender in seafaring in the Anglo- American age of sail, challenging the notion that the maritime realm was innately a masculine place. It also addresses the idea that women and institutions located shoreside were not at all related to the seafaring society. These essays offer an introduction to maritime history and the different social roles at sea and in sea side communities. The title itself implies the typical notion that the work at sea were for the masculine, while the women were as â€Å"stiff and objectified as the wooden figureheads that faced the sea (p.vii). Some of the authors assert that gender is an essential part of seafaring but reveals the active roles the women played in the maritime industry. Others emphasize the relationship of masculinity and seafarers, and how it has strengthened within the past two hundred years as argued by Lisa Norling. She claims that men who worked at sea continued to be functionally codependent with the women whose job supported their family while they were gone. Haskell Springer exposes the irony that captain’s wives who decided to follow a non-traditional role of living at sea, lived more within the â€Å"separate spheres â€Å"ideology than the wives who stayed in land. Marcus

Race, Religion, Social Class, And Ethnicity Essay

How one does in school, one’s social ability, and one’s awareness of others are all guided by how an individual identifies. Identification with one’s gender, race, religion, social class, and ethnicity are all driving forces behind an individual’s future self. Identity is a crucial part of who you are, and in recent studies and experimentation researchers have been trying to identify new, untested factors that influence behavior in people. Although, in the past there hasn’t been a strong focus on the positive effects of race and ethnicity, the conversation is now shifting to align itself with the current times. With America becoming increasingly more ethnically and racially diverse, we must take the time to see how certain factors, specifically race and ethnicity, impact a person’s development and behavior in both positive and negative ways. Attributes and characteristics such as good academic standing, one’s well-being in terms of hea lth, and one’s well-being in terms of self-esteem have all been the focus of studies focused on ethnic and racial identity. Through the research of scholarly articles and publications, evidence has been found to show that the intersection of the racial and ethnic identity of an individual both shapes and affects their personal growth and development in childhood and adolescence (Rivas-Drake, et al.). According to French, et al., this has been a more recent conversation with racial preference being researched in the 1940’s and 1950’s usingShow MoreRelatedRace, Religion, Social Class, And Ethnicity1274 Words   |  6 Pages your social ability, and your awareness of others are all guided by how you identify. Identification in one’s gender, race, religion, social class, and ethnicity are all driving forces behind your future self. 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My race, social class, ethnicity, and religion have helped mold me into the young adult I am, beliefs, and values I hold today because my understanding of whoRead MoreRace And Ethnicity Are Integral Parts Of America905 Words   |  4 PagesRace and Ethnicity are integral parts of America. They are often used interchangeably. Race is associated with biology. It is a socially and politically constructed category of individuals who are assumed to share common inborn biological traits, such as bone structure , hair type, skin, or eye color. These distinctions have been used to the detriment or advantage of American groups over time. Whereas ethnicity is associated with culture factors. It is often tied to nationality of origin and characterizedRead MoreThe Theory Of Social Class1128 Words   |  5 Pagesfactor that affects identity is social class. The Marxism assumption is that socio-economic position is a fundamental element to shape identity. People are not individuals, but part of a class. The Marxist ideology is that of â€Å"false consciousness†, this meaning that some classes, the lower, working class, are not aware of the position they have to society. As a result, this is why they often work in jobs that are underpaid. Some Marxist theorists believe that class identity is procreated in cultureRead MoreThe Idea Of Privilege And Discrimination1015 Words   |  5 Pagesimmunity that one occupies based on certain characteristics. Some of the privilege factors in my social life are my race/ethnicity, class, and religion. On the other hand, I define discrimination as a form of social injustice in which one is at a disadvantage solely based on his features. For example, because of the pigment of my skin, my middle school teacher treated me in an unfavorable fashion. Furthermore, Race plays an important role in obtaining a privileged status. 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The term race refers to the concept of dividing people into populations or groups on the basis of various sets of physical characteristics (which usually result from genetic ancestry). Race presumes shared biological or genetic traits, whether actual or asserted and the category to which others assign individuals on the basis of physical characteristics. Races areRead MoreRace And Ethnicity : Biological And Sociological Factors957 Words   |  4 PagesRace and Ethnicity both relates to biological and sociological factors respectively and even though they can overlap, they are distinct. The term race refers to the concept of dividing people into populations or groups on the basis of various sets of phy sical characteristics (which usually result from genetic ancestry). Race presumes shared biological or genetic traits, whether actual or asserted and the category to which others assign individuals on the basis of physical characteristics. 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That inequality made me angry, and forced me to quit working. My social class is the upper-middle class. I am a 29-year-old male. I belong to Arab Semitic race, and I

Essay on Book Review of School Leadership that Works by...

Change is a double-edged sword (Fullan, 2001). Change is a word that might inspire or put fear into people. Leadership is challenging when it comes to dealing with change and how individuals react within the organization to the change. Marzano, McNulty, and Waters (2005) discuss two orders of change in their book School Leadership that Works; first and second. Fullan (2001) also adds to the discussion in his book Leading in a Culture of Change, with regard to understanding change. In Change Leadership, Keagan and Wagner (2006) discuss many factors of change and the systematic approach to change. Change affects people in different ways. Leaders need to be able to respond to the individuals throughout the change process. School†¦show more content†¦Each change order incorporates the responsibilities of a leader into the change process. Marzano, McNulty and Waters propose five steps for a plan of effective school leadership. The first step is developing a leadership team with purpose. The definition used for a purposeful community is one with the collective efficacy and capability to develop and use assets to accomplish goals that mater to all community members through agreed-upon process (Marzano, et. al, 2005). The second step is distributing some responsibilities throughout the leadership team. The third step is to select the right work. The fourth step is to identify the order of magnitude implied by the selected work. The last step is to match the management style to the order of magnitude of the change initiative. The last step incorporates whether this is first or second order change. First order change is incremental change, fine-tunes the system through a series of small steps that do not depart radically from the past (Marzano 2005). First order change is the day to day operation of a school. Some characteristics of first-order change are the following: 1) Is perceived as an extension of the past; 2) Fits within existing paradigms; 3) Is consistent with prevailing values and norms; 4) Can be implemented with existing knowledge and skills; 5) Requires resources currently available to those responsible for implementing the innovation; and 6) May beShow MoreRelatedSchool Leadership That Works Essay858 Words   |  4 PagesIn School Leadership that Works, Marzano, Waters, and McNulty discuss their findings of 69 studies on the effects of school leadership on student achievement. Additionally, they share the survey results of over 650 building principals. Based on these findings, they have developed a list of 21 leadership responsibilities, along with a five-point plan that will affect student achievement. Finally, they present a first order and second order of change sequence to facilitate student success. 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To be a good leader you need to know how your personal biases may impact decision making in various situations. Bias or values can effect how you interact with those you comeRead MoreThe Importance Of Teacher Leadership And Empowerment983 Words   |  4 Pages. What is teacher leadership and empowerment and why should it be promote in schools? Teacher leadership is defined as â€Å"teachers who aspire to stretch beyond their classrooms to engage in leadership roles that take many shapes and forms, both â€Å"informal and formal†. (ECS, 2010). The teacher leadership role is also described as â€Å"the process by which teachers, individually and collectively, influence their colleagues, principals, and other members of the school community to improve learning practicesRead MoreSchool Leadership that Works Essay2479 Words   |  10 PagesLeadership involves a set of learnable experiences. Exceptional leaders are exceptional learners. This essay reviews some of the current literature related to effective leadership in education with a special focus on Marzano’s research on leadership â€Å"that works† (2005). 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I see classroomRead MoreFactors Related to Students Performance in Nat13438 Words   |  54 PagesStudy The National Achievement Test (NAT) is an examination given annually to assess the competency of both public and private school students. The students’ knowledge and skills are tested in the subjects of Mathematics, English, Science, Filipino, and HEKASI for grade school and Mathematics, English, Science, Filipino, and Araling Panlipunan for high school. The test is administered by the Department of Educations National Education Testing and Research Center (NETRC). The results are intended

Electronic Commerce e-Business Model

Question: Discuss about the Electronic Commerce for e-Business Model. Answer: Introduction The idea of creating the current business plan is to create an e-business technology that could be adopted to improve on the efficiency and the operations of the company. The company current offers the visitor ticket and the exhibitor floor space sales, and the branded merchandise available for the sale in the exhibition (Amoroso, Roman Morco, 2016). The selection of the strategy will be done according to the business subjects that are offered by the company. The project will be formulated within the budget from the profits gotten by the business and it should not exceed more than half of the profits. E-commerce business model adoption to the business The e-commerce business model are the business model, which will enable BTFC Company to conduct the business over an online platform through electronic network typically the internet. The electronic commerce will operate through three segments the business-to-business (B2B), business to the consumer (B2C), consumer to business (C2B). This company has figured on the need to integrate electronic commerce into the existing strategy (Andam, 2014). The reason for this was due to the loss in the revenues, poor communication channels between the business and the suppliers and the need to improve those collaborations between the business to fair trade managers, customers and suppliers (Mohapatra, 2013). The company should employ on the business-to-business model in order to transact easily on the goods and the services between the companies. The company does a lot of business with Australian companies that are overseas in regards to trade fair on booking ticket, arranging hospitality and organization on the marketing materials during fairs (Mohapatra, 2013). This can be made easier especially when BTFC receive cash from those companies as deposit for the exhibition. Moreover, this could be adopted in the payment of the suppliers of the products especially those merchandise that need design and printing (Mavlanova, Benbunan-Fich Lang, 2016). The company can establish a relationship with the consumer through the business to consumer model. This is important especially in the retail section of the merchandise they sell at the trade fair. It will ease the burden of the consumer purchasing on the products in the exhibitions. Another model to adopt is the consumer to the business. The co nsumers can show case their products to the company and the company may make the purchase if they are interested on the product. How the business will derive the revenues from use of e-commerce system In the generation of the revenue for the business there is need to adopt the revenue models. A revenue model will describe on how the business is able to generate on the stream of the revenue from the product and the services (Huang Benyoucef, 2013). The revenue model is one of the key components of the business models. The company can adopt of the model of advertising. The model will help the business a platform where the contents can be provided to the customers as an advertising space. The customers can easily get the merchandise information from the platform they intend to establish. Another revenue model to use is the commission model. This type of the model is similar to the markup model as the business charges a fee to every transaction that will be mediated between two companies or the parties. In the case of BTFC Company, the company act as the mediator between the Fair trade managers and the exhibiting companies (Mohapatra, 2013). They could employ on this model and charge a small commission for the transaction they make or for the ticket, they sell for the Australian based visitors on behalf of other companies. The network and the communications infrastructure that will be required for the system The infrastructure of the e-commerce identifies on the functionality of the hardware and the software components, the levels of the requirements, management and the operation of the whole system (Madden, Banerjee, Rappoport Suenaga, 2016). For the network and the communication there should be use of the internet-based technologies in order to create on the value for the users and the delivery of the services effectively. The e-commerce application should have an information repository components these are the servers, the load balancing systems and the use of encrypted devices used when communication to keep the information more secure. The applications that are required to meet on specific e-commerce business goals The e-commerce infrastructure is aimed to identify on the business goals in regards to the functionalities of the hardware and the software components. The software components used are the content management systems, the analytics of web, text analytics, the database servers, database and the application of the middleware. The hardware application needed to meet on the goals of the business are the servers, the proxy servers, and the load balancing system, the encryption of the device and a unit for the interactive voice response. Some of the major components that has the techno functions are the middleware that resides on the client and the server, the email directory service and the lookup database. How to address security issues on the e-commerce system The e-commerce security entails protection of the e-commerce assets from the unauthorized access, destruction or even alternation. Various mechanism may be adopted in order to address on the issues of the security (Karahanna, Polites, Williams, Liu Seligman, 2013). One of the way to address on security is to have a communication channels for protection. This can be achieved through encryption where there is use of private key encryption and various protocol to be established. There is use of server protection mechanism this help for the access control and the authentication. This can be achieved using digital signature from the users and the access control list. Further security can be minimize through the performance of the risk assessment on the information of the assets and the value of the firm. Moreover, there should be a development of an implementation plan that has a set of the steps of action in order to achieve on the security goals. The company should be able to perform o n the security audit, which act as the routine review of all the access logs and the evaluation of the procedures of the security. How to address the requirement of e marketing in the business The email marketing has become a valuable tool for marketing in the recent years. Learning to manage an email campaign of marketing can be beneficial to the business. On addressing on the requirement of e-marketing one should understand the risk hefty fines. One should be granted permission by recipient to send commercial email and each of the piece should offer a visible method to opt out on the future transmission. Additionally to address on the requirement it is important to know the tactic used in this strategy and the actions that will be taken on the delivery.it is important to keep record showing the date, and the method of collecting method. It is important to decide on whether the method will be automatic, this can be achieved through double opt or the opt out method to enable the consumers to remove themselves from the mailing list. The type of payment system to be used in the application The e-commerce strategy that will be adopted by the company will have the hosted payment gateways as the method of the payment. The method will take the customer off from the site checkout page. Once the users clicks on the button of pay at the website, the users will be redirected to the payment service provider page (Fang, Qureshi, Sun, McCole, Ramsey Lim, 2014). The customers fill on the payment details. Once the client pays, they are then redirected back to the website in order to finish on the checkout process. Moreover, option to adopt is the use of the iframe. The payment provider creates a form to the merchant store and inserts that to the website. Once the merchant accepts either the credit or the debit card the payment are made. In the case there is a recurrent payment that will be made there will be creation of the profile for the customer with the information of the number of recurrent count, the amount and the number of frequency (Dong, Wu Li, 2016). The aspect of the refund and the cancellation is handled at the payment of the site gateway. How to address on privacy and relevant ethical issues in the business The vast in the internet advertising offers a solid platform for the e-commerce to be explored. Many of the ethical and the global issues of the IT usually apply to the e-business. Some issues need to be addressed such as web tracking. There is need for the company to have application to provide the consumer on their privacy (Chiu, Wang, Fang Huang, 2014). The company can use the Privacy Guardian in order to protect the users privacy, as they are online by erasing on the browsers cache, and the surfing history (Da Costa, 2016). There is need to address on the privacy issue. Most of the electronic payment system usually know the identity of the buyer. It is therefore important to protect the identity of the clients who uses the electronic payment method while making their purchase. The privacy issues that can relate to the employee of the company is on the tracking. The monitoring systems should be installed in the company to monitor on the e-mail and other of the web activities. Another ethical issue to address is the legal issue (Zhao, Li, He, Chang, Wen Li, 2016). There is need to address on the aspect that are related to the consumer who defraud the merchants. The company can set up a legal department in order to deal with the fraud cases as most of the cases there are fraud cases that are witnessed over the internet. How to new business system will address the customer service issues Today the platform for carrying the business have changed significantly in order to cater to the growing online customer audience, the fact remain individual needs to expect there is a good customer service even on the digital platform (Cardona, Duch-Brown, Francois, Martens Yang, 2015). The online platform should provide a 24/7 means for the services in order to serve the customer who seek information in the odd hours. There could be offline stores to provide a personal shopping assistance to the customers. There should be a live chat channel. This is one of the most effective method of the customer service channel that is used in the e-commerce. The chat allows one to chat with the visitors in a real time, answer the questions they have asked and provide an appropriate advice within a short time (Chen, Yen, Pornpriphet Widjaja, 2015). There should also be social media that link on the e-business strategy. This can become effective customer service channels where the customers can address on their concern. Feedback on their query should be provided promptly. How to measure the success of the proposed system The proposed system for the BTFC Company can be measured using various metrics and tools. One of the metric is to understand on the lifetime value of the customer (Beier Wagner, 2014). The company should calculate their return on the investment focusing on the lifetime value of the customers. Another measure to use is to monitor on the satisfaction of the customer. There are many tools that can be employed to measure on the customer satisfaction one could be the Google analytic, the purchases history of the customers and the psychographic tools. Another metric to look at is the measurement of the sales funnel (Barnes Hunt, 2013). There are online tools that can be used to track on the customer information some of these are the conversion rates and look at the landing pages. Conclusion The BTFC Company need to improve on the market communication and collaboration between the exhibition companies, customers and suppliers. The company need to adopt on this e-commerce strategy in order to create on the new online channels for marketing, sales and improvement of collaboration and communication with the exhibitors and the supply. The use of this application will help in achieving these aspects. References Amoroso, D. L., Roman, F. L., Morco, R. (2016). E-Commerce Online Purchase Intention: Importance of Corporate Social Responsibility Issues. Andam, Z. R. (2014). e-Commerce and e-Business. Barnes, S., Hunt, B. (Eds.). (2013). E-commerce and v-business. Routledge. Beier, M., Wagner, K. (2014). Crowdfunding between Social Media and E-Commerce: Online Communication, Online Relationships and Fundraising Success on Crowdfunding Platforms. SSRN Electronic Journal. Cardona, M., Duch-Brown, N., Francois, J., Martens, B., Yang, F. (2015). The macro- economic impact of e-commerce in the EU Digital Single Market (No. 2015-09). Institute of Prospective Technological Studies, Joint Research Centre. Chen, J. V., Yen, D. C., Pornpriphet, W., Widjaja, A. E. (2015). E-commerce web site loyalty: A cross cultural comparison. Information Systems Frontiers, 17(6), 1283-1299. Chiu, C. M., Wang, E. T., Fang, Y. H., Huang, H. Y. (2014). Understanding customers' repeat purchase intentions in B2C eà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ commerce: the roles of utilitarian value, hedonic value and perceived risk. Information Systems Journal, 24(1), 85-114. Da Costa, E. (2016). Global e-commerce strategies for small businesses. Mit Press. Dong, M., Wu, A. P., Li, H. (2016). Studying Cost Allocation in Joint Distribution for E- CommerceA Small to Medium Size Logistic Firms Perspective. In Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management 2015 (pp. 379-385). Atlantis Press. Fang, Y., Qureshi, I., Sun, H., McCole, P., Ramsey, E., Lim, K. H. (2014). Trust, Satisfaction, and Online Repurchase Intention: The Moderating Role of Perceived Effectiveness of E- Commerce Institutional Mechanisms. Mis Quarterly, 38(2), 407-427. Huang, Z., Benyoucef, M. (2013). From e-commerce to social commerce: A close look at design features. Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, 12(4), 246-259. Karahanna, E., Polites, G. L., Williams, C. K., Liu, B., Seligman, L. (2013). The Influence of Uncertainty Avoidance on Consumer Perceptions of Global E-Commerce Sites. MWAIS 2013 Proceedings, paper, 13. Madden, G., Banerjee, A., Rappoport, P. N., Suenaga, H. (2016). E-commerce transactions, the installed base of credit cards, and the potential mobile E-commerce adoption. Applied Economics, 1-12. Mavlanova, T., Benbunan-Fich, R., Lang, G. (2016). The role of external and internal signals in E-commerce. Decision Support Systems. Mohapatra, S. (2013). E-commerce Strategy. In E-Commerce Strategy (pp. 155-171). Springer US. Zhao, W. X., Li, S., He, Y., Chang, E. Y., Wen, J. R., Li, X. (2016). Connecting Social Media to E-Commerce: Cold-Start Product Recommendation Using Microblogging Information. IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, 28(5), 1147-1159.

Grossman Model and Impacts of Hypochondria †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Grossman Model and Impacts of Hypochondria. Answer: Introduction: Health has three very important roles in the Grossman model. Hypochondria condition is a situation where one has a negative perception of suffering from a certain major illness (Mayo Clinic, 2015). This condition therefore implies that there is a reduction in the optimal health. The people with this condition sometimes become functionless because they have so much worry within themselves. They keep checking their body for any symptom that may be a sign of illness (Novak, 2016). A normal body condition such as a noisy stomach is enough to worry them. Despite which role health plays in the Grossman model, there will be a reduced optimal health. Now the explanation according to the roles is as follows; According to the first role of health as a consumption good, a person achieves utility to consuming both health and home goods. Health is the actual condition of the body whereas home goods are any other non-health products that contributes to ones utility. Every human being is faced with a budget since everything that a person consumes has to be paid for. For this budget, a person has to work to accumulate income for facilitating the same. However, despite the level of income, human wants are unlimited and thus income is never enough to meet all human wants (scarcity). This forces one to make choices on the allocation of the available resources; more income is allocated to the most important need while foregoing the least important. A person becomes indifference on her spending on various needs and this creates an opportunity cost. The major constraint in this case is time. The 24 hours in a day is divided into working time, playing time, improving health and sick time. Working time is essential as it results in income that is used for buying both health and home goods, but time has to be spent on playing and improving health. Sick time is the time a person losses and spends sleeping thus less activities that may contribute to adding utility. Given the levels of sick time and time spent on improving health, a person is now left with a choice of working time and playing time as in the graph below. The initial budget line AB is constrained by U0. The increased sick time shifts the time constraint to the left to U1 and a new budget line is formed this is because sickness expenses reduces income. This in turn reduces both working and playing time from W0 to W1 and P0 to P1 respectively. The point of tangency between CD and U1 gives the new optimal Health. As per the second role of being an input of production, health and home goods have to be produced by the use of market inputs. Market inputs for health include treadmills and weights, while those for home goods include video games and movie tickets. Auld (2014) noted that productivity of a sick person falls since less time is spent on other productive activities such as playing, working and health improvement. According to Mayo Clinic (2015), the hypochondriac condition is associated with a lot of distress and thus can put one out of action. The initial optimum utility is U1 and the optimum health is H* where there is tangency between the PPF and the indifference curve. Hmin means that there is no activity taking place since there is no productivity time. Increased sick time reduces productivity time. Pearlman (2010) noted that at some point, a hypochondriac patient may enter the office with tears in her eyes; there is no way this person can have full concentration in the workplace. When productivity time deviates from the optimal H* to the direction shown by the arrow, utility falls from U1 to U2. This move is to a lower optimal health. Lastly as per the third role of health being an investment, since health is considered to be a stock, illness anxiety reduces this stock. There is no way a person who has a perception of being sick today can think of having a healthy future. According to Pearlman (2010), this person is convinced of dying and the last thing expected of her is to increase an investment on her health. The initial Marginal Efficiency of Capital (MEC) curve is MEC0 with Optimal health being H*. Health investment and health have diminishing returns; as health capital increases, it becomes difficult for one to generate health from inputs (Dolan, 2003). A fall in health lowers the MEC and thus shifts from MEC0 to MEC1. r + is the minimum return expected to be made on health investment. is the depreciation rate and raises the cost of health when one worries for a long period (Legg Nordqvist, 2017) When a person perceives that she might be suffering from a certain major disease, she thinks that life may end up very soon, thus, investment in health would attract a rate of return lower than r + . Dolan (2003) pointed out that this r + is the marginal cost of investing in health and must be equal to the marginal benefit. This makes her to have a view that investment in health will attract lower returns and thus opts to invest in other alternatives in the market other than health. This lo wers the MEC and the new health optimal level falls from H* to H*new. The biggest worry of a hypochondria person is that the disease may consume a big proportion of her income and that there is a low probability of recovering (eventually death will occur). An exogenous income of winning $ 1 million in lottery can have a positive effect on her perception. She now may feel that she is in a position better to fight with the disease even if it was real. The exogenous income will help in giving her some peace of mind in that she can now afford better health services. Cheng, Costa-i-Font Powdthavee (2015) confirmed the argument of lottery winners seeking more private health care. With such income, she my now decide to open up her new job and employ some workers. This action will not need much of her working time, money will now work for her, and thus, she will have more time for playing and improving health. In turn, this will now reduce the sick time as her health will now improve. An improvement in health will mean a reduction in sick time. Subsequently, this will boost her optimal health resulting in an improved productivity. Das (2015) noted that an improvement in health is greatly contributed by an improvement in income. References Auld, C. (2014). Individual-level demand for and production of health. Web.uvic.ca. Retrieved 16 April 2018, from https://web.uvic.ca/~auld/auld-jh-chapter5-grossman-R1.pdf. Cheng, T., Costa-i-Font, J., Powdthavee, N. (2015). Lottery income, healthcare, and supplementary health insurance. Voxeu.org. Retrieved 16 April 2018, from https://voxeu.org/article/windfall-income-and-healthcare-choices. Das, s. (2015). Health as a Human Capital: Overview of Grossman model. Slideshare.net. Retrieved 16 April 2018, from https://www.slideshare.net/sumitdas79462/grossman-model. Dolan, P. (2003). Grossmans theory of the demand for health care. Is.muni.cz. Retrieved 15 April 2018, from https://is.muni.cz/el/1456/jaro2009/PVEKZD/um/1329617/grossman.pdf. Legg, T., Nordqvist, C. (2017). Hypochondria: What is illness anxiety disorder? Medical News Today. Retrieved 15 April 2018, from https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/9983.php. Mayo Clinic. (2015). Illness anxiety disorder - Symptoms and causes. Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 15 April 2018, from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/illness-anxiety-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20373782. Novak, L. (2016). Confessions of a hypochondriac. Retrieved 15 April 2018, from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/to-your-health/wp/2016/02/18/confessions-of-a-hypochondriac/?noredirect=onutm_term=.7d5f9a9af96d. Pearlman, J. (2010). Hypochondria: The Impossible Illness. Psychology Today. Retrieved 16 April 2018, from https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/articles/201001/hypochondria-the-impossible-illness.