Hemodialysis In Esrd Diabetics Health And Social Care Essay

Interminable kidney sickness ( CKD ) is characterized as the irreversible loss of kidney delineate can be ordered as symptomless kidney hurt with mellow nephritic disfunction or end-stage nephritic illness ( ESRD ) . ESRD at long last outcomes in expire without nephritic supplanting treatment, which can be either nephritic organ transplant or dialysis. Nephritic supplanting treatment as an intercession convention distinguishes that, at end-stage nephritic illness, the ideal mediation is kidney organ transplant, as dialysis can non retroflex the biosynthetic and metabolic exercises of the typical kidney ( Haller, Gutjahr, Kramar, Harnoncourt, and A ; Oberbauer, 2011 ) . End-stage nephritic sicknesses and its forerunner CKD are internationally developing as a significant open wellbeing work, with expanding bleakness and mortality each piece great as financial derivations for social insurance, ( Szucsa, Sandoza, and A ; Keuschb, 2004 ) . The World Health Organization 2002 estimation demonstrated that all around CKD adds to more than 850 000 expires and more than 15 million handicap balanced life mature ages, with plague ascent of ESRD in numerous parts known to mankind. The examination noticed that by 2010 in excess of 2 million individuals will require care dialysis around the world, ( WHO, 2003 ) . In St. Lucia, interminable nephritic deficiency as an outcome of diabetes, hypertension, autosomal prevailing polycystic kidney sickness, and harvesting snare cell infection are the central reason for get bringing down dialysis mediation in patients with kidney map disappointment. This is like the discoveries of PeroviA†¡ and JankoviA†¡ ( 2009 ) . Zelmer ( 2007 ) hypothesizes that non only is ESRD an interminable infection with significant grimness sway, however it other than includes significant expense mediation alternatives. These alternatives are as often as possible constrained in creating states, for example, St. Lucia, where accessible alternatives incorporate haemodialysis or the forceful bearing of danger components to confine designed development of ESRD. Worldwide estimations demonstrate that around 30 % of patients with ESRD are as an impact of diabetic nephropathy [ recognition ] . In St. Lucia, the figure is essentially higher, stand foring 41 % of the ESRD patients who have gotten haemodialysis for the period 2002-2009. At the terminal of that 8 twelvemonth period ( 2002-2009 ) death rate among that populace was each piece high as 53 % with mean age at perish being 57 mature ages. These factual figures demonstrate that ESRD among diabetics is a genuine health worry with unpropitious clinical outcomes that straight effect personal satisfaction while bring forthing huge clinical expenses. The monetary power per unit territories of ESRD intercession on the corporate wellbeing framework are acceptable archived. Haller et Al. ( 2011 ) recognizes it as asset intensifier, requiring huge totals of limited medicinal services financess to deal with a little for every centum of the populace. In 2005 completely, consideration for ESRD patients in Canada spoke to 1.2 % of all human services outgo, regardless of a rate of 0.092 % , ( Zelmer, 2007 ) . Under 0.06 % of St. Lucians have ESRD, yet the illness produced direct social insurance cost is significant contrasted with different infections. In 2008, the immediate medicinal services cost of ESRD was $ 2.2 million EC, around 5 % of the human services outgo, the monetary load of which was borne predominantly by the specialists. These discoveries show that the financial studies of ESRD treatments are a little yet rather costly segment inside the general human services stipulation in any state. However cost-adequacy surveies of the methods of intercession are not many ( Haller, 2011 ) . Cost-adequacy is the quickest turning field in wellbeing exploration and it typifies a signifier of full monetary rating that takes a gander at cost and impact of health projects or intercession ( Muennig, 2008 ) . Utilizing the definition by Palmer ( 2005 ) that states â€Å" cost-viability surveies contrast costs and clinical outcomes estimated in regular units, similar to life expectation or mature ages of maladies kept away from † , Glassock ( 2010 ) noticed that the whole of expenses may non needfully be caught. Be that as it may, it is an utile device with relevance for the enconomic anlaysis of issues inside the health framework. Cost-adequacy examination ( CEA ) of intervention programs as an important apparatus utilized by chiefs can be utilized to gauge each piece Wellss as perchance better how the health framework works. Its application permits strategy shapers to put which mediations give the most elevated â€Å" incentive to cash † and help in helping to pick interventions and projects that augment health for the accessible assets. Wellbeing monetary specialists can purchase the most health under a fixed financial plan, organizing administrations inside the wellbeing part. CEA henceforth requires data on the degree to which current and potential interventions improve populace health, for example , effectivity and the assets required to actualize the mediations, for example , costs, ( Muennig, 2008 ) . The incorporation of cost organizations that the structure of the study will coordinate cost-unit examination as an apparatus to break down the monetary effect of the stipulation of the administration of dialysis for terminal stage nephritic patients with diabetes and cost effectivity to locate the quality balanced life twelvemonth ( QALYs ) or wellbeing related personal satisfaction ( HRQoL ) for that populace. The main outcome step will focus on costs per quality-balanced life mature ages ( QALYs ) , like a review directed in Austria ( Haller et al. , 2011 ) . QALYs were evaluated using the 15D, a nonexclusive normalized instrument to mensurate wellbeing related personal satisfaction, ( Sintonen, 2001 ) . Cost will be seen from the situation of direct dispensing on health consideration for dialysis, combined with the roundabout expenses of productiveness losingss because of untimely expire and short-and since a long time ago run disablement. The effect of mortality costs as the measure of the limited present estimation of current and future productiveness losingss from untimely expires will be estimated from an episode based human capital assault, pulling from a comparable study led in Canada in 2000 ( Zelmer, 2007 ) . Muennig ( 2008 ) places that since it is every now and again difficult to represent all expense, and the clasp and asset limitations related with smaller scale costing, certain premises as identifies with costs are much of the time made during cost-adequacy examination. This overview utilizes the utilization of a specialists position to examine the cost effectivity of dialysis for terminal stage nephritic patients with diabetes in St. Lucia. This necessitates cost examination be led to mensurate the rehashing immediate and circuitous expense of providing the administration. In the part, explicitly in the state under review, health consideration associations rarely know the expense of the administration gave and only from time to time utilize the apparatuses expected to quantify that cost on an ordinary balance. In an all inclusive runing financial society, monetary propensities have made it basic for both net gain and non-benefit associations that offer types of assistance, including specialists departments, to gauge the expense of clinical administrations gave. Fund for wellbeing is non unbounded and with huge spending cuts in the health administration industry, there is expanding power per unit zone for health consideration establishments to go pr ogressively responsible and be increasingly proficient with the financess dispensed to wellbeing consideration ( Basch, 1999 ) . Wellbeing monetary sciences perceives the interest for health administrations to be given in a mode that is non only proficient yet manageable. Estimating, understanding and archiving the expense of administrations makes it simpler to all the more likely cost-effectiveness of these administrations, while foregrounding the help requests of the division and by augmentation the specialists. It other than gives an opportunity to set up expenses for customers that depend on reasonable site costs. Past surveies on cost-viability of intercession alternatives for ESRD have thought about various methods of dialysis or organ transplant, [ acclamation ] . The examination of haemodialysis versus pharmaceutical course to keep ESRD designed development adaptable joints on the way that the current limit of the Renal Unit in St. Lucia can non flexibly dialysis for all ESRD patients. Yet, it is fairly evident that haemodialysis like pharmaceutical course is non the ideal intercession alternative for ESRD as the ideal convention is organ transplant. The wellbeing framework in St. Lucia is commanded by its plans to better the wellbeing of the populace and likewise needs to ensure that its restricted assets are non dedicated to costly mediations with little consequences for populace health, while at a similar clasp minimal effort interventions with conceivably more prominent advantages are non to the full executed. While old exploration has been led to put the monetary effect of the evaluated human services costs for ESRD, each piece great as the cost-adequacy of arranged choices for nephritic supplanting treatments, comparable surveies have non been repeated in the asset tied Eastern Caribbean. This study wishes to focus on the cost-adequacy of haemodialysis among type 2 diabetics in St. Lucia over a 8 twelvemonth period ( 2002-2008 ) . Utilizing the utilization of CEA, it targets looking at the expense and impacts or results ( cost-viability ) of haemodialysis for diabetic nephropathy using the comparator of making nil, which in this example is the pharmaceutical heading of patients with diabetic kidney illnesses to confine designed development of ESRD. This is especially pertinent to the wellbeing framework in St. Lucia, as worries on the pervasiveness of diabetes mellitus and its pace of expansion, and the assurance to spread out the support of two new establishments without research necess itates that a superior trepidation of the range and extent of the whole financial heap of ESRD and the cost effectivity of dialysis intercession for

A Primer on the Price Elasticity of Demand

A Primer on the Price Elasticity of Demand Value versatility of interest (now and again alluded to just as value flexibility or flexibility of interest) quantifies the responsiveness of amount requested to a cost. The recipe for value flexibility of interest (PEoD) is: PEoD (% Change in Quantity Demanded)/(% Change in Price) (Note that value flexibility of interest is not the same as the slant of the interest bend, despite the fact that the incline of the interest bend additionally gauges the responsiveness of interest to cost, as it were.) 2:48 Watch Now: How Does Price Elasticity of Demand Work? Computing the Price Elasticity of Demand You might be posed the inquiry Given the accompanying information, compute the value flexibility of interest when the value changes from $9.00 to $10.00. Utilizing the outline on the base of the page, well walk you through responding to this inquiry. (Your course may utilize the more muddled Arc Price Elasticity of Demand recipe. Assuming this is the case, youll need to see the article on Arc Elasticity) To start with, well need to discover the information we need. We realize that the first cost is $9 and the new cost is $10, so we have Price(OLD)$9 and Price(NEW)$10. From the outline, we see that the amount requested when the cost is $9 is 150 and when the cost is $10 is 110. Since were going from $9 to $10, we have QDemand(OLD)150 and QDemand(NEW)110, where QDemand is short for Quantity Demanded. In this way we have: Price(OLD)9Price(NEW)10QDemand(OLD)150QDemand(NEW)110 To figure the value versatility, we have to recognize what the rate change in amount request is and what the rate change in cost is. Its best to ascertain these each in turn. Ascertaining the Percentage Change in Quantity Demanded The recipe used to figure the rate change in amount requested is: [QDemand(NEW) - QDemand(OLD)]/QDemand(OLD) By filling in the qualities we recorded, we get: [110 - 150]/150 (- 40/150) - 0.2667 We note that % Change in Quantity Demanded - 0.2667 (We leave this in decimal terms. In rate terms this would be - 26.67%). Presently we have to compute the rate change in cost. Computing the Percentage Change in Price Like previously, the recipe used to figure the rate change in cost is: [Price(NEW) - Price(OLD)]/Price(OLD) By filling in the qualities we recorded, we get: [10 - 9]/9 (1/9) 0.1111 We have both the rate change in amount request and the rate change in cost, so we can ascertain the value flexibility of interest. Last Step of Calculating the Price Elasticity of Demand We return to our recipe of: PEoD (% Change in Quantity Demanded)/(% Change in Price) We would now be able to fill in the two rates in this condition utilizing the figures we determined before. PEoD (- 0.2667)/(0.1111) - 2.4005 At the point when we break down value versatilities were worried about their supreme worth, so we disregard the negative worth. We presume that the cost flexibility of interest when the cost increments from $9 to $10 are 2.4005. How Do We Interpret the Price Elasticity of Demand? A decent market analyst isn't simply keen on figuring numbers. The number is an unfortunate chore; on account of value versatility of interest it is utilized to perceive how delicate the interest for a decent is to a value change. The higher the value versatility, the more touchy shoppers are to value changes. An exceptionally significant expense flexibility recommends that when the cost of a decent goes up, shoppers will purchase significantly less of it and when the cost of that great goes down, customers will purchase significantly more. An extremely low value flexibility infers the polar opposite, that adjustments in cost have little effect on request. Frequently a task or a test will ask you a subsequent inquiry, for example, Is the acceptable value versatile or inelastic somewhere in the range of $9 and $10. To address that question, you utilize the accompanying general guideline: On the off chance that PEoD 1, at that point Demand is Price Elastic (Demand is delicate to value changes)If PEoD 1 at that point Demand is Unit ElasticIf PEoD 1 at that point Demand is Price Inelastic (Demand isn't touchy to value changes) Review that we generally disregard the negative sign when investigating value flexibility, so PEoD is consistently positive. On account of our great, we determined the value flexibility of interest to be 2.4005, so our great is value versatile and in this manner request is exceptionally delicate to value changes. Information Cost Amount Demanded Amount Supplied $7 200 50 $8 180 90 $9 150 150 $10 110 210 $11 60 250

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Artistic Appropriation, Copyright and Creativity Literature review

Imaginative Appropriation, Copyright and Creativity - Literature audit Example Arrangement is a kind of appointment. Various pieces of copyrighted works are fused in an arbitrary way to shape a very surprising and new work not recently existed. Point This writing survey means to investigate the distinctive scholars’ sees in the kindness of the explanation that cutting edge extent of copyright confines the way of life of arrangement and visual expressions allotment just as the perspectives on researchers against this thought. Targets 1. What is the idea of apportionment? 2. What is the advanced understanding of a copyright? 3. What is the effect of copyright on the imagination and headway of masterful information? 4. How practice of appointment can make due in the mechanical age? 5. What are the elective ways to deal with utilize copyrighted works without falling back on an encroachment? 6. What works are appropriated and are viewed as enforceable in the courtrooms? 7. Are there any speculations for copyright and reasonable use? 8. Is there any case law a ccessible identified with assignment and copyrights? 9. Who are the creators for the announcement and against it? Writing Review Lankford (2011) investigated the historical backdrop of the act of appropriating visual expressions. He contended that this training goes back to Greeks period who developed the strategy of appointment. ... The creator further saw that accordingly, the craftsman unreservedly appropriated different attempts to frame an arrangement work (Cohen, 2011; p.89). The advanced copyright law has its foundations in the Statute of Anne of 1710 that perceived creator rights in a certain yet restricted way (Pedley, 2005). Hampel (1992) contended in the kindness of artist’s assignment. He hypothesized that the allotment doesn't deny the copyright holders of their copyrights and any of their budgetary advantages. Hence, Hampel (1992) necessitated that they ought to be allowed to utilize the different artist’s works without looking for approval or permitting. Besides, Meyers (2006) featured that the copyrights law debilitates the specialists to grow and enhance in their works. The creator commandingly couldn't help contradicting the permitting and approval prerequisites to start an assignment of visual expressions, which delays the time span for its finish. Davies (2010) a supporter of cop yright law gives that the term copyright truly implies the option to duplicate. He hypothesized that the allotment of visual expressions as an arrangement work is a copyrightable topic as it is an articulation in physical structure rather than a simple thought that has no physical structure for guaranteeing protected innovation rights over it. He gave that when a work is applied for copyright enrollment, the Intellectual Property Office of United Kingdom analyzes the work regarding its creativity, level of work, ability or judgment displayed by the work. Davies (2010) given that the work must be unique and ought not be like others copyrighted work else it will end up being an encroachment of other’s copyright. The

What Makes People Attractive to Others Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

What Makes People Attractive to Others - Essay Example This is on the grounds that this is the prime age for youthful yet yearning ladies to set themselves up for this present reality once they graduate. Fascination, having an abstract measurement to it, can have a physical relationship also an undeniably progressively profound fascination identified with a person’s conduct. The inclination of one over the other is subject to explicit circumstances and individuals youthful school ladies run over. Consequently, it can’t be dispassionately characterized. Accordingly, this paper would examine the basic viewpoints which make certain ladies alluring to other people. Physical fascination has a significant impact while interfacing with individuals of your own age, particularly individuals of the contrary sexual orientation. Ladies, planning to be well known in their school and somewhere else are at a preferred position when favored with appealing highlights. Studies have demonstrated that balanced highlights in ladies pull in men. â€Å"A conceivable reason for that fluctuating asymmetry is presentation to oxidative worry in the belly which meddles with legitimate turn of events. The undeveloped organism expects vitality to create properly† (Independent Digital News and Media).Therefore, school going ladies with superbly balanced highlights, who have been appropriately supported in any event, when in the belly, are almost certain to catch men’s eye. In addition, school ladies looking through imminent dating accomplices should relinquish the worn out playing â€Å"hard to get† mentality as checked by a bbc investigate. School ladies are pulled in to those that are difficult to get for others yet simple to get for them. This is additionally bolstered by the â€Å"selective difficulty† hypothesis (Science: Human Body and Mind). A few investigations have demonstrated that men are particularly pulled in to ladies with a low hip proportion †little midriffs, huge hips and long legs (Feng). Accordingly, young ladies can prepare themselves to have the previously mentioned physical characteristics to pull in men towards them. Also, components, for example, conduct and character can be appealing as well, yet prevalently second in inclination. For the most part, sacrificial or charitable conduct draws in men towards ladies. Consequently, in one’s dealings it is desirable over have a sacrificial manner. Besides, as indicated by an examination ladies who are progressively intuitive and seen more have a higher likelihood of standing out when contrasted with the individuals who barely look into their environmental factors. Richard Moreland and Scott Beach (1992) showed this effect by orchestrating gatherings of four ladies in school classrooms(Smith and Diane).Women who were seen all the more regularly were discovered more alluring to the school mates instead of the ones who went to less classes. The more, charitable, mindful and benevolent you are, the more app ealing you appear to other people. This remains constant for ladies also. With respect to character attributes that pull in individuals, the singularity of an individual which makes her stand apart stands out (Smith and Diane) Furthermore, Eliott Aronson, a social therapist at Stanford University, recommends dependent on investigate that individuals who feel they are appealing - however not really appraised all things considered - are similarly as fruitful as their partners who are decided to be attractive (Feng). This shows self-assurance is likewise a methods for drawing in others. In this manner, school going women who need to be effective by pulling in individuals are prescribed to have confidence in themselves. This is material for the most part while going for temporary job interviews and keeping in mind that endeavoring to draw in the instructors’ consideration during class introductions in universities. As indicated by an examination by the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, gorgeous individuals get more cash-flow than common looking individuals (Secrets of

Tips for Writing an Exam Essay in 80 minutes

1. Read the prompt. We've all been there. The teacher is at the front of the classroom with a pile a blue books. She begins handing them out. You scrawl the name and date on the front, and wait for her to start the timer. As you open the first page, an overwhelming white page stares back at you. And you panic. Luckily, there are ways to prepare for essay exams that make this moment easier. Believe it or not, is a matter of remembering steps -- simply master the approach and practice it, and you will do better. Promise. So what are the steps? 1. Read the prompt. You should start with the prompt, identifying the component parts as quickly as you can. What are you being asked? What are the different parts of the story that you should be looking at carefully while you read? Feel free to practice your active reading by circling any key components of the question being asked of you, especially if there are multiple parts.(2 minutes) 2. Read the story. Now it is time to read the story carefully with an eye towards the prompt. Underline and take notes to be sure you have something to revert back to for the next step. (10 minutes) 3. Identify key ideas. Look over your underlining and notes. What are the major patterns in your observations? Jot down the key ideas that emerged from your reading and what evidence from the story might be used to support these ideas. Consider what it is you want to tell the reader. (2 minutes) 4. Outline the essay. Make sure you write down what each paragraph will be about (the topic sentence) and what the essay as whole will be about (the thesis statement). Make a plan for your essay. You should include an even amount of time per paragraph as well as 10 minutes at the end for copy editing and proofreading. (5 – 10 minutes) 5. Now, you write. Remember that the topic sentence must come first in any paragraph. The paragraph functions to support the topic sentence. (10 – 15 minutes per paragraph, a 5 paragraph essay should take 40 minutes without a conclusion, but you can obviously extend this time if you have it) 6. Conclude your findings. Spend a little time on your conclusion, so that it effectively summarizes what you’ve written. Don’t be afraid to repeat yourself. In an essay, repetition can be very clarifying. (5 – 10 minutes) 7. Edit and proofread. Once you have drafted the essay, go back and refine the introduction/thesis statement as well as each topic sentence. These are the most important elements of the essay. Proofread the essay. (10 minutes) Easy, right? Well, not so fast. The steps won't work unless you practice. Ask your teacher or professor how best to prepare for the essay exams (hint: oftentimes the homework will mirror what to expect). Using the homework and course readings, try practicing the steps under timed conditions, making sure each step sticks to the time allotted. The more you practice, the easier it will become. No more blue book blues! Are you interested in connecting with a writing tutor to help you with your upcoming essay exam? ; Want to read more on the subject of writing? You should check out some of our previous blogs, below! 6 Young Adult Books Everyone Should Read Three Ways to Build Good Vocab Habits for Standardized Tests How To Strengthen Your Writing In One Easy Step

Flotation Method in Archaeology

Archaeological flotation is a laboratory technique used to recover tiny artifacts and plant remains from soil samples. Invented in the early 20th century, flotation is today still one of the most common ways to retrieve carbonized plant remains from archaeological contexts. In flotation, the technician places dried soil on a screen of mesh wire cloth, and water is gently bubbled up through the soil. Less dense materials such as seeds, charcoal, and other light material (called the light fraction) float up, and tiny pieces of stone called microliths or micro-debitage, bone fragments, and other relatively heavy materials (called the heavy fraction) are left behind on the mesh. History of the Method The earliest published use of water separation dates to 1905, when German Egyptologist Ludwig Wittmack used it to recover plant remains from ancient adobe brick. The widespread use of flotation in archaeology was the result of a 1968 publication by archaeologist Stuart Struever who used the technique on the recommendations of botanist Hugh Cutler. The first pump-generated machine was developed in 1969 by David French for use at two Anatolian sites. The method was first applied in southwest Asia at Ali Kosh in 1969 by Hans Helbaek; machine-assisted flotation was first conducted at Franchthi cave in Greece, in the early 1970s. The Flote-Tech, the first standalone machine to support flotation, was invented by R.J. Dausman in the late 1980s. Microflotation, which uses glass beakers and magnetic stirrers for gentler processing, was developed in the 1960s for use by various chemists but not extensively used by archaeologists until the 21st century. Benefits and Costs The reason for the initial development of archaeological flotation was efficiency: the method allows for the rapid processing of many soil samples and the recovery of small objects which otherwise might only be collected by laborious hand-picking. Further, the standard process uses only inexpensive and readily available materials: a container, small-sized meshes (250 microns is typical), and water. However, plant remains are typically quite fragile, and, beginning as early as the 1990s, archaeologists became increasingly aware that some plant remains split open during water flotation. Some particles can completely disintegrate during water recovery, particularly from soils recovered in arid or semi-arid locations. Overcoming the Shortcomings The loss of plant remains during flotation is often linked to extremely dry soil samples, which can result from the region in which they are collected. The effect has also been associated with concentrations of salt, gypsum, or calcium coating of the remains. In addition, the natural oxidation process that occurs within archaeological sites converts charred materials which are originally hydrophobic to hydrophilic—and thus easier to disintegrate when exposed to water. Wood charcoal is one of the most common macro-remains found in archaeological sites. The lack of visible wood charcoal in a site is generally considered the result of the lack of preservation of the charcoal rather than the lack of a fire. The fragility of wood remains is associated with the state of the wood on burning: healthy, decayed, and green wood charcoals decay at different rates. Further, they have different social meanings: burned wood might have been building material, fuel for fire, or the result of brush clearing. Wood charcoal is also the main source for radiocarbon dating. The recovery of burned wood particles is thus an important source of information about the occupants of an archaeological site and the events that happened there. Studying Wood and Fuel Remains Decayed wood is particularly underrepresented at archaeological sites, and as today, such wood was often preferred for hearth fires in the past. In these cases, standard water flotation exacerbates the problem: charcoal from decayed wood is extremely fragile. Archaeologist Amaia Arrang-Oaegui found that certain woods from the site of Tell Qarassa North in southern Syria were more susceptible to being disintegrated during water processing—particularly Salix. Salix (willow or osier) is an important proxy for climate studies—its presence within a soil sample can indicate riverine microenvironments—and its loss from the record is a painful one. Arrang-Oaegui suggests a method for recovering wood samples that begins with hand-picking a sample before its placement in water to see if wood or other materials disintegrate. She also suggests that using other proxies such as pollen or phytoliths as indicators for the presence of plants, or ubiquity measures rather than raw counts as statistical indicators. Archaeologist Frederik Braadbaart has advocated the avoidance of sieving and flotation where possible when studying ancient fuel remains such as hearths and peat fires. He recommends instead a protocol of geochemistry based on elemental analysis and reflective microscopy. Microflotation The microflotation process is more time consuming and costly than traditional flotation, but it does recover more delicate plant remains, and is less costly than geochemical methods. Microflotation was used successfully to study soil samples from coal-contaminated deposits at Chaco Canyon. Archaeologist K.B. Tankersley and colleagues used a small (23.1 millimeters) magnetic stirrer, beakers, tweezers, and a scalpel to examine samples from 3-centimeter soil cores. The stirrer bar was placed at the bottom of a glass beaker and then rotated at 45-60 rpm to break the surface tension. The buoyant carbonized plant parts rise and the coal drops out, leaving wood charcoal suitable for AMS radiocarbon dating. Sources: Arranz-Otaegui A. 2016. Evaluating the impact of water flotation and the state of the wood in archaeological wood charcoal remains: Implications for the reconstruction of past vegetation and identification of firewood gathering strategies at Tell Qarassa North (south Syria). Quaternary International In pressBraadbaart F, van Brussel T, van Os B, and Eijskoot Y. 2017. Fuel remains in archaeological contexts: Experimental and archaeological evidence for recognizing remains in hearths used by Iron Age farmers who lived in peatlands. The Holocene:095968361770223.Hunter AA, and Gassner BR. 1998. Evaluation of the Flote-Tech machine-assisted flotation system. American Antiquity 63(1):143-156.Marekovic S, and Ã…  oÃ… ¡taric R. 2016. A comparison of the influences of flotation and wet sieving on certain carbonized legume and cereal remains. Acta Botanica Croatica 75(1):144-148.Rossen J. 1999. The Flote-Tech flotation machine: Messiah or mixed blessing? American Antiquity 64(2):370-372.Tanker sley KB, Owen LA, Dunning NP, Fladd SG, Bishop KJ, Lentz DL, and Slotten V. 2017. Micro-flotation removal of coal contaminants from archaeological radiocarbon samples from Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, USA. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 12(Supplement C):66-73.

Evaluation Of Nursing And Nursing Education Essay

INTRODUCTION We had 12 modules (each with 3MCQS) from block-7 (Education and Nursing Education). I will be identifying 10 concepts from them and thoroughly scrutinize how they would apply to my personal life, and other contextual settings such as social context, coupled with current related researches on these concepts. However, their applications to my current workplace (Havana Specialist Hospital, Surulere, Lagos) and the usefulness to the current world will also be discussed. The concepts are as follows: Evaluation (M10), Reporting and Recording (M8), Educational Assessment (M10), Performance Appraisal (M10), Addictions (M12), Counseling (M11), Interpersonal Relationship (M4), Motivation (M7), Group and Group dynamics (M4), and Selection Test (M10). 1. EVALUATION (M10) Evaluation is part of the final stage of the nursing process involving other parts such as implementation, planning, nursing diagnosis and assessment. It involves establishment of criteria, analysis of variables affecting outcomes and conclusions and modifications in the nursing care plan. As an integral part of learning and teaching, it involves collection and analysis of data continuously. According to Ralp Tyler â€Å"Evaluation involves determining to what extent the educational objectives can be realized. It goes hand in hand with learning experiences and instructional objectives. When an executive of an organization or an educational organization considers the success or failure of hisShow MoreRelatedStandard Two : Planning And Evaluation1180 Words   |  5 PagesSTANDARD TWO: PLANNING AND EVALUATION The University carries out its mission to students, businesses, and communities by employing comprehensive and broad-based planning and evaluation activities. 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Correlation between Gender and Seafaring in the Book, Iron...

In Iron Men, Wooden Women: Gender and Seafaring in the Atlantic World, 1700-1920, Margaret Creighton and Lisa Norling, in addition to their co- authors, studies the correlation between gender and seafaring. This collection of ten essays explores the basic theme of gender in seafaring in the Anglo- American age of sail, challenging the notion that the maritime realm was innately a masculine place. It also addresses the idea that women and institutions located shoreside were not at all related to the seafaring society. These essays offer an introduction to maritime history and the different social roles at sea and in sea side communities. The title itself implies the typical notion that the work at sea were for the masculine, while the women were as â€Å"stiff and objectified as the wooden figureheads that faced the sea (p.vii). Some of the authors assert that gender is an essential part of seafaring but reveals the active roles the women played in the maritime industry. Others emphasize the relationship of masculinity and seafarers, and how it has strengthened within the past two hundred years as argued by Lisa Norling. She claims that men who worked at sea continued to be functionally codependent with the women whose job supported their family while they were gone. Haskell Springer exposes the irony that captain’s wives who decided to follow a non-traditional role of living at sea, lived more within the â€Å"separate spheres â€Å"ideology than the wives who stayed in land. Marcus

Race, Religion, Social Class, And Ethnicity Essay

How one does in school, one’s social ability, and one’s awareness of others are all guided by how an individual identifies. Identification with one’s gender, race, religion, social class, and ethnicity are all driving forces behind an individual’s future self. Identity is a crucial part of who you are, and in recent studies and experimentation researchers have been trying to identify new, untested factors that influence behavior in people. Although, in the past there hasn’t been a strong focus on the positive effects of race and ethnicity, the conversation is now shifting to align itself with the current times. With America becoming increasingly more ethnically and racially diverse, we must take the time to see how certain factors, specifically race and ethnicity, impact a person’s development and behavior in both positive and negative ways. Attributes and characteristics such as good academic standing, one’s well-being in terms of hea lth, and one’s well-being in terms of self-esteem have all been the focus of studies focused on ethnic and racial identity. Through the research of scholarly articles and publications, evidence has been found to show that the intersection of the racial and ethnic identity of an individual both shapes and affects their personal growth and development in childhood and adolescence (Rivas-Drake, et al.). According to French, et al., this has been a more recent conversation with racial preference being researched in the 1940’s and 1950’s usingShow MoreRelatedRace, Religion, Social Class, And Ethnicity1274 Words   |  6 Pages your social ability, and your awareness of others are all guided by how you identify. Identification in one’s gender, race, religion, social class, and ethnicity are all driving forces behind your future self. Identity is a crucial part of who you are, and in recent studies and experimentation researchers have been trying to identify new, untested factors that influence behavior in people. Although, in the past there hasn’t been a strong focus on the positive and negative effects of race and ethnicityRead MoreHow Do You Feel Race, Ethnicity, Social Class, And Religion846 Words   |  4 PagesHow do you feel race, ethnicity, social class, and religion has shaped you and your family lives? Whether we take notice or not these aspects of our childhood and today’s life contributed to our viewpoint about different parts of the world. Also, the way your family interacted with you and others is determined in a way by these key points. My race, social class, ethnicity, and religion have helped mold me into the young adult I am, beliefs, and values I hold today because my understanding of whoRead MoreRace And Ethnicity Are Integral Parts Of America905 Words   |  4 PagesRace and Ethnicity are integral parts of America. They are often used interchangeably. Race is associated with biology. It is a socially and politically constructed category of individuals who are assumed to share common inborn biological traits, such as bone structure , hair type, skin, or eye color. These distinctions have been used to the detriment or advantage of American groups over time. Whereas ethnicity is associated with culture factors. It is often tied to nationality of origin and characterizedRead MoreThe Theory Of Social Class1128 Words   |  5 Pagesfactor that affects identity is social class. The Marxism assumption is that socio-economic position is a fundamental element to shape identity. People are not individuals, but part of a class. 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The term race refers to the concept of dividing people into populations or groups on the basis of various sets of physical characteristics (which usually result from genetic ancestry). Race presumes shared biological or genetic traits, whether actual or asserted and the category to which others assign individuals on the basis of physical characteristics. Races areRead MoreRace And Ethnicity : Biological And Sociological Factors957 Words   |  4 PagesRace and Ethnicity both relates to biological and sociological factors respectively and even though they can overlap, they are distinct. The term race refers to the concept of dividing people into populations or groups on the basis of various sets of phy sical characteristics (which usually result from genetic ancestry). Race presumes shared biological or genetic traits, whether actual or asserted and the category to which others assign individuals on the basis of physical characteristics. Races areRead MoreMy Personal History Narrative From The Beginning Of The Semester1183 Words   |  5 Pagesto ignore the realities of others around you and only focus on yourself. Everything from race to religion is very salient every day, but it is rare that they are spoken of on a daily basis. How often can you recall talking to someone at work or school about their religious beliefs or how it feels to be of a certain race? One of the perspectives that changed for me was the concept of race and ethnicity. As I mentioned in my personal identity narrative, genetically, I am Korean, but culturallyRead MoreWhat Does Sociology Mean?1585 Words   |  7 Pagesinequality (social class, social mobility, gender, race and ethnicity), work, economy, marriage, and family. Inequality In my country Saudi Arabia, there is inequality, and it is affected peoples lives. I used to work for Saudi Airlines for five years. In that period, I experienced inequality such as promotions, and training opportunity. That inequality made me angry, and forced me to quit working. My social class is the upper-middle class. I am a 29-year-old male. I belong to Arab Semitic race, and I

Essay on Book Review of School Leadership that Works by...

Change is a double-edged sword (Fullan, 2001). Change is a word that might inspire or put fear into people. Leadership is challenging when it comes to dealing with change and how individuals react within the organization to the change. Marzano, McNulty, and Waters (2005) discuss two orders of change in their book School Leadership that Works; first and second. Fullan (2001) also adds to the discussion in his book Leading in a Culture of Change, with regard to understanding change. In Change Leadership, Keagan and Wagner (2006) discuss many factors of change and the systematic approach to change. Change affects people in different ways. Leaders need to be able to respond to the individuals throughout the change process. School†¦show more content†¦Each change order incorporates the responsibilities of a leader into the change process. Marzano, McNulty and Waters propose five steps for a plan of effective school leadership. The first step is developing a leadership team with purpose. The definition used for a purposeful community is one with the collective efficacy and capability to develop and use assets to accomplish goals that mater to all community members through agreed-upon process (Marzano, et. al, 2005). The second step is distributing some responsibilities throughout the leadership team. The third step is to select the right work. The fourth step is to identify the order of magnitude implied by the selected work. The last step is to match the management style to the order of magnitude of the change initiative. The last step incorporates whether this is first or second order change. First order change is incremental change, fine-tunes the system through a series of small steps that do not depart radically from the past (Marzano 2005). First order change is the day to day operation of a school. Some characteristics of first-order change are the following: 1) Is perceived as an extension of the past; 2) Fits within existing paradigms; 3) Is consistent with prevailing values and norms; 4) Can be implemented with existing knowledge and skills; 5) Requires resources currently available to those responsible for implementing the innovation; and 6) May beShow MoreRelatedSchool Leadership That Works Essay858 Words   |  4 PagesIn School Leadership that Works, Marzano, Waters, and McNulty discuss their findings of 69 studies on the effects of school leadership on student achievement. Additionally, they share the survey results of over 650 building principals. Based on these findings, they have developed a list of 21 leadership responsibilities, along with a five-point plan that will affect student achievement. Finally, they present a first order and second order of change sequence to facilitate student success. 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To be a good leader you need to know how your personal biases may impact decision making in various situations. Bias or values can effect how you interact with those you comeRead MoreThe Importance Of Teacher Leadership And Empowerment983 Words   |  4 Pages. What is teacher leadership and empowerment and why should it be promote in schools? Teacher leadership is defined as â€Å"teachers who aspire to stretch beyond their classrooms to engage in leadership roles that take many shapes and forms, both â€Å"informal and formal†. (ECS, 2010). The teacher leadership role is also described as â€Å"the process by which teachers, individually and collectively, influence their colleagues, principals, and other members of the school community to improve learning practicesRead MoreSchool Leadership that Works Essay2479 Words   |  10 PagesLeadership involves a set of learnable experiences. Exceptional leaders are exceptional learners. This essay reviews some of the current literature related to effective leadership in education with a special focus on Marzano’s research on leadership â€Å"that works† (2005). 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I see classroomRead MoreFactors Related to Students Performance in Nat13438 Words   |  54 PagesStudy The National Achievement Test (NAT) is an examination given annually to assess the competency of both public and private school students. The students’ knowledge and skills are tested in the subjects of Mathematics, English, Science, Filipino, and HEKASI for grade school and Mathematics, English, Science, Filipino, and Araling Panlipunan for high school. The test is administered by the Department of Educations National Education Testing and Research Center (NETRC). The results are intended

Electronic Commerce e-Business Model

Question: Discuss about the Electronic Commerce for e-Business Model. Answer: Introduction The idea of creating the current business plan is to create an e-business technology that could be adopted to improve on the efficiency and the operations of the company. The company current offers the visitor ticket and the exhibitor floor space sales, and the branded merchandise available for the sale in the exhibition (Amoroso, Roman Morco, 2016). The selection of the strategy will be done according to the business subjects that are offered by the company. The project will be formulated within the budget from the profits gotten by the business and it should not exceed more than half of the profits. E-commerce business model adoption to the business The e-commerce business model are the business model, which will enable BTFC Company to conduct the business over an online platform through electronic network typically the internet. The electronic commerce will operate through three segments the business-to-business (B2B), business to the consumer (B2C), consumer to business (C2B). This company has figured on the need to integrate electronic commerce into the existing strategy (Andam, 2014). The reason for this was due to the loss in the revenues, poor communication channels between the business and the suppliers and the need to improve those collaborations between the business to fair trade managers, customers and suppliers (Mohapatra, 2013). The company should employ on the business-to-business model in order to transact easily on the goods and the services between the companies. The company does a lot of business with Australian companies that are overseas in regards to trade fair on booking ticket, arranging hospitality and organization on the marketing materials during fairs (Mohapatra, 2013). This can be made easier especially when BTFC receive cash from those companies as deposit for the exhibition. Moreover, this could be adopted in the payment of the suppliers of the products especially those merchandise that need design and printing (Mavlanova, Benbunan-Fich Lang, 2016). The company can establish a relationship with the consumer through the business to consumer model. This is important especially in the retail section of the merchandise they sell at the trade fair. It will ease the burden of the consumer purchasing on the products in the exhibitions. Another model to adopt is the consumer to the business. The co nsumers can show case their products to the company and the company may make the purchase if they are interested on the product. How the business will derive the revenues from use of e-commerce system In the generation of the revenue for the business there is need to adopt the revenue models. A revenue model will describe on how the business is able to generate on the stream of the revenue from the product and the services (Huang Benyoucef, 2013). The revenue model is one of the key components of the business models. The company can adopt of the model of advertising. The model will help the business a platform where the contents can be provided to the customers as an advertising space. The customers can easily get the merchandise information from the platform they intend to establish. Another revenue model to use is the commission model. This type of the model is similar to the markup model as the business charges a fee to every transaction that will be mediated between two companies or the parties. In the case of BTFC Company, the company act as the mediator between the Fair trade managers and the exhibiting companies (Mohapatra, 2013). They could employ on this model and charge a small commission for the transaction they make or for the ticket, they sell for the Australian based visitors on behalf of other companies. The network and the communications infrastructure that will be required for the system The infrastructure of the e-commerce identifies on the functionality of the hardware and the software components, the levels of the requirements, management and the operation of the whole system (Madden, Banerjee, Rappoport Suenaga, 2016). For the network and the communication there should be use of the internet-based technologies in order to create on the value for the users and the delivery of the services effectively. The e-commerce application should have an information repository components these are the servers, the load balancing systems and the use of encrypted devices used when communication to keep the information more secure. The applications that are required to meet on specific e-commerce business goals The e-commerce infrastructure is aimed to identify on the business goals in regards to the functionalities of the hardware and the software components. The software components used are the content management systems, the analytics of web, text analytics, the database servers, database and the application of the middleware. The hardware application needed to meet on the goals of the business are the servers, the proxy servers, and the load balancing system, the encryption of the device and a unit for the interactive voice response. Some of the major components that has the techno functions are the middleware that resides on the client and the server, the email directory service and the lookup database. How to address security issues on the e-commerce system The e-commerce security entails protection of the e-commerce assets from the unauthorized access, destruction or even alternation. Various mechanism may be adopted in order to address on the issues of the security (Karahanna, Polites, Williams, Liu Seligman, 2013). One of the way to address on security is to have a communication channels for protection. This can be achieved through encryption where there is use of private key encryption and various protocol to be established. There is use of server protection mechanism this help for the access control and the authentication. This can be achieved using digital signature from the users and the access control list. Further security can be minimize through the performance of the risk assessment on the information of the assets and the value of the firm. Moreover, there should be a development of an implementation plan that has a set of the steps of action in order to achieve on the security goals. The company should be able to perform o n the security audit, which act as the routine review of all the access logs and the evaluation of the procedures of the security. How to address the requirement of e marketing in the business The email marketing has become a valuable tool for marketing in the recent years. Learning to manage an email campaign of marketing can be beneficial to the business. On addressing on the requirement of e-marketing one should understand the risk hefty fines. One should be granted permission by recipient to send commercial email and each of the piece should offer a visible method to opt out on the future transmission. Additionally to address on the requirement it is important to know the tactic used in this strategy and the actions that will be taken on the delivery.it is important to keep record showing the date, and the method of collecting method. It is important to decide on whether the method will be automatic, this can be achieved through double opt or the opt out method to enable the consumers to remove themselves from the mailing list. The type of payment system to be used in the application The e-commerce strategy that will be adopted by the company will have the hosted payment gateways as the method of the payment. The method will take the customer off from the site checkout page. Once the users clicks on the button of pay at the website, the users will be redirected to the payment service provider page (Fang, Qureshi, Sun, McCole, Ramsey Lim, 2014). The customers fill on the payment details. Once the client pays, they are then redirected back to the website in order to finish on the checkout process. Moreover, option to adopt is the use of the iframe. The payment provider creates a form to the merchant store and inserts that to the website. Once the merchant accepts either the credit or the debit card the payment are made. In the case there is a recurrent payment that will be made there will be creation of the profile for the customer with the information of the number of recurrent count, the amount and the number of frequency (Dong, Wu Li, 2016). The aspect of the refund and the cancellation is handled at the payment of the site gateway. How to address on privacy and relevant ethical issues in the business The vast in the internet advertising offers a solid platform for the e-commerce to be explored. Many of the ethical and the global issues of the IT usually apply to the e-business. Some issues need to be addressed such as web tracking. There is need for the company to have application to provide the consumer on their privacy (Chiu, Wang, Fang Huang, 2014). The company can use the Privacy Guardian in order to protect the users privacy, as they are online by erasing on the browsers cache, and the surfing history (Da Costa, 2016). There is need to address on the privacy issue. Most of the electronic payment system usually know the identity of the buyer. It is therefore important to protect the identity of the clients who uses the electronic payment method while making their purchase. The privacy issues that can relate to the employee of the company is on the tracking. The monitoring systems should be installed in the company to monitor on the e-mail and other of the web activities. Another ethical issue to address is the legal issue (Zhao, Li, He, Chang, Wen Li, 2016). There is need to address on the aspect that are related to the consumer who defraud the merchants. The company can set up a legal department in order to deal with the fraud cases as most of the cases there are fraud cases that are witnessed over the internet. How to new business system will address the customer service issues Today the platform for carrying the business have changed significantly in order to cater to the growing online customer audience, the fact remain individual needs to expect there is a good customer service even on the digital platform (Cardona, Duch-Brown, Francois, Martens Yang, 2015). The online platform should provide a 24/7 means for the services in order to serve the customer who seek information in the odd hours. There could be offline stores to provide a personal shopping assistance to the customers. There should be a live chat channel. This is one of the most effective method of the customer service channel that is used in the e-commerce. The chat allows one to chat with the visitors in a real time, answer the questions they have asked and provide an appropriate advice within a short time (Chen, Yen, Pornpriphet Widjaja, 2015). There should also be social media that link on the e-business strategy. This can become effective customer service channels where the customers can address on their concern. Feedback on their query should be provided promptly. How to measure the success of the proposed system The proposed system for the BTFC Company can be measured using various metrics and tools. One of the metric is to understand on the lifetime value of the customer (Beier Wagner, 2014). The company should calculate their return on the investment focusing on the lifetime value of the customers. Another measure to use is to monitor on the satisfaction of the customer. There are many tools that can be employed to measure on the customer satisfaction one could be the Google analytic, the purchases history of the customers and the psychographic tools. Another metric to look at is the measurement of the sales funnel (Barnes Hunt, 2013). There are online tools that can be used to track on the customer information some of these are the conversion rates and look at the landing pages. Conclusion The BTFC Company need to improve on the market communication and collaboration between the exhibition companies, customers and suppliers. The company need to adopt on this e-commerce strategy in order to create on the new online channels for marketing, sales and improvement of collaboration and communication with the exhibitors and the supply. The use of this application will help in achieving these aspects. References Amoroso, D. L., Roman, F. L., Morco, R. (2016). E-Commerce Online Purchase Intention: Importance of Corporate Social Responsibility Issues. Andam, Z. R. (2014). e-Commerce and e-Business. Barnes, S., Hunt, B. (Eds.). (2013). E-commerce and v-business. Routledge. Beier, M., Wagner, K. (2014). Crowdfunding between Social Media and E-Commerce: Online Communication, Online Relationships and Fundraising Success on Crowdfunding Platforms. SSRN Electronic Journal. Cardona, M., Duch-Brown, N., Francois, J., Martens, B., Yang, F. (2015). The macro- economic impact of e-commerce in the EU Digital Single Market (No. 2015-09). Institute of Prospective Technological Studies, Joint Research Centre. Chen, J. V., Yen, D. C., Pornpriphet, W., Widjaja, A. E. (2015). E-commerce web site loyalty: A cross cultural comparison. Information Systems Frontiers, 17(6), 1283-1299. Chiu, C. M., Wang, E. T., Fang, Y. H., Huang, H. Y. (2014). Understanding customers' repeat purchase intentions in B2C eà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ commerce: the roles of utilitarian value, hedonic value and perceived risk. Information Systems Journal, 24(1), 85-114. Da Costa, E. (2016). Global e-commerce strategies for small businesses. Mit Press. Dong, M., Wu, A. P., Li, H. (2016). Studying Cost Allocation in Joint Distribution for E- CommerceA Small to Medium Size Logistic Firms Perspective. In Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management 2015 (pp. 379-385). Atlantis Press. Fang, Y., Qureshi, I., Sun, H., McCole, P., Ramsey, E., Lim, K. H. (2014). Trust, Satisfaction, and Online Repurchase Intention: The Moderating Role of Perceived Effectiveness of E- Commerce Institutional Mechanisms. Mis Quarterly, 38(2), 407-427. Huang, Z., Benyoucef, M. (2013). From e-commerce to social commerce: A close look at design features. Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, 12(4), 246-259. Karahanna, E., Polites, G. L., Williams, C. K., Liu, B., Seligman, L. (2013). The Influence of Uncertainty Avoidance on Consumer Perceptions of Global E-Commerce Sites. MWAIS 2013 Proceedings, paper, 13. Madden, G., Banerjee, A., Rappoport, P. N., Suenaga, H. (2016). E-commerce transactions, the installed base of credit cards, and the potential mobile E-commerce adoption. Applied Economics, 1-12. Mavlanova, T., Benbunan-Fich, R., Lang, G. (2016). The role of external and internal signals in E-commerce. Decision Support Systems. Mohapatra, S. (2013). E-commerce Strategy. In E-Commerce Strategy (pp. 155-171). Springer US. Zhao, W. X., Li, S., He, Y., Chang, E. Y., Wen, J. R., Li, X. (2016). Connecting Social Media to E-Commerce: Cold-Start Product Recommendation Using Microblogging Information. IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, 28(5), 1147-1159.

Grossman Model and Impacts of Hypochondria †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Grossman Model and Impacts of Hypochondria. Answer: Introduction: Health has three very important roles in the Grossman model. Hypochondria condition is a situation where one has a negative perception of suffering from a certain major illness (Mayo Clinic, 2015). This condition therefore implies that there is a reduction in the optimal health. The people with this condition sometimes become functionless because they have so much worry within themselves. They keep checking their body for any symptom that may be a sign of illness (Novak, 2016). A normal body condition such as a noisy stomach is enough to worry them. Despite which role health plays in the Grossman model, there will be a reduced optimal health. Now the explanation according to the roles is as follows; According to the first role of health as a consumption good, a person achieves utility to consuming both health and home goods. Health is the actual condition of the body whereas home goods are any other non-health products that contributes to ones utility. Every human being is faced with a budget since everything that a person consumes has to be paid for. For this budget, a person has to work to accumulate income for facilitating the same. However, despite the level of income, human wants are unlimited and thus income is never enough to meet all human wants (scarcity). This forces one to make choices on the allocation of the available resources; more income is allocated to the most important need while foregoing the least important. A person becomes indifference on her spending on various needs and this creates an opportunity cost. The major constraint in this case is time. The 24 hours in a day is divided into working time, playing time, improving health and sick time. Working time is essential as it results in income that is used for buying both health and home goods, but time has to be spent on playing and improving health. Sick time is the time a person losses and spends sleeping thus less activities that may contribute to adding utility. Given the levels of sick time and time spent on improving health, a person is now left with a choice of working time and playing time as in the graph below. The initial budget line AB is constrained by U0. The increased sick time shifts the time constraint to the left to U1 and a new budget line is formed this is because sickness expenses reduces income. This in turn reduces both working and playing time from W0 to W1 and P0 to P1 respectively. The point of tangency between CD and U1 gives the new optimal Health. As per the second role of being an input of production, health and home goods have to be produced by the use of market inputs. Market inputs for health include treadmills and weights, while those for home goods include video games and movie tickets. Auld (2014) noted that productivity of a sick person falls since less time is spent on other productive activities such as playing, working and health improvement. According to Mayo Clinic (2015), the hypochondriac condition is associated with a lot of distress and thus can put one out of action. The initial optimum utility is U1 and the optimum health is H* where there is tangency between the PPF and the indifference curve. Hmin means that there is no activity taking place since there is no productivity time. Increased sick time reduces productivity time. Pearlman (2010) noted that at some point, a hypochondriac patient may enter the office with tears in her eyes; there is no way this person can have full concentration in the workplace. When productivity time deviates from the optimal H* to the direction shown by the arrow, utility falls from U1 to U2. This move is to a lower optimal health. Lastly as per the third role of health being an investment, since health is considered to be a stock, illness anxiety reduces this stock. There is no way a person who has a perception of being sick today can think of having a healthy future. According to Pearlman (2010), this person is convinced of dying and the last thing expected of her is to increase an investment on her health. The initial Marginal Efficiency of Capital (MEC) curve is MEC0 with Optimal health being H*. Health investment and health have diminishing returns; as health capital increases, it becomes difficult for one to generate health from inputs (Dolan, 2003). A fall in health lowers the MEC and thus shifts from MEC0 to MEC1. r + is the minimum return expected to be made on health investment. is the depreciation rate and raises the cost of health when one worries for a long period (Legg Nordqvist, 2017) When a person perceives that she might be suffering from a certain major disease, she thinks that life may end up very soon, thus, investment in health would attract a rate of return lower than r + . Dolan (2003) pointed out that this r + is the marginal cost of investing in health and must be equal to the marginal benefit. This makes her to have a view that investment in health will attract lower returns and thus opts to invest in other alternatives in the market other than health. This lo wers the MEC and the new health optimal level falls from H* to H*new. The biggest worry of a hypochondria person is that the disease may consume a big proportion of her income and that there is a low probability of recovering (eventually death will occur). An exogenous income of winning $ 1 million in lottery can have a positive effect on her perception. She now may feel that she is in a position better to fight with the disease even if it was real. The exogenous income will help in giving her some peace of mind in that she can now afford better health services. Cheng, Costa-i-Font Powdthavee (2015) confirmed the argument of lottery winners seeking more private health care. With such income, she my now decide to open up her new job and employ some workers. This action will not need much of her working time, money will now work for her, and thus, she will have more time for playing and improving health. In turn, this will now reduce the sick time as her health will now improve. An improvement in health will mean a reduction in sick time. Subsequently, this will boost her optimal health resulting in an improved productivity. Das (2015) noted that an improvement in health is greatly contributed by an improvement in income. References Auld, C. (2014). Individual-level demand for and production of health. Web.uvic.ca. Retrieved 16 April 2018, from https://web.uvic.ca/~auld/auld-jh-chapter5-grossman-R1.pdf. Cheng, T., Costa-i-Font, J., Powdthavee, N. (2015). Lottery income, healthcare, and supplementary health insurance. Voxeu.org. Retrieved 16 April 2018, from https://voxeu.org/article/windfall-income-and-healthcare-choices. Das, s. (2015). Health as a Human Capital: Overview of Grossman model. Slideshare.net. Retrieved 16 April 2018, from https://www.slideshare.net/sumitdas79462/grossman-model. Dolan, P. (2003). Grossmans theory of the demand for health care. Is.muni.cz. Retrieved 15 April 2018, from https://is.muni.cz/el/1456/jaro2009/PVEKZD/um/1329617/grossman.pdf. Legg, T., Nordqvist, C. (2017). Hypochondria: What is illness anxiety disorder? Medical News Today. Retrieved 15 April 2018, from https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/9983.php. Mayo Clinic. (2015). Illness anxiety disorder - Symptoms and causes. Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 15 April 2018, from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/illness-anxiety-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20373782. Novak, L. (2016). Confessions of a hypochondriac. Retrieved 15 April 2018, from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/to-your-health/wp/2016/02/18/confessions-of-a-hypochondriac/?noredirect=onutm_term=.7d5f9a9af96d. Pearlman, J. (2010). Hypochondria: The Impossible Illness. Psychology Today. Retrieved 16 April 2018, from https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/articles/201001/hypochondria-the-impossible-illness.

Argumentative Essay Topics With Samples and Explanations

Argumentative Essay Topics With Samples and ExplanationsArgumentative essay topics with samples and explanations is a good way to begin writing an essay. This article will give you some sample topics to use when you are starting out with this essay topic.The first sample essay topic has some explanations about physics and Newtonian physics. This topic has a detailed explanation of how to tackle a topic such as this. You will learn about topics such as solutions and gravity.You can use these and other popular examples that are available on the internet. If you really want to get into the writing habit, then you will need to get these ideas down. This is a good start to getting your research together. Then you can focus on writing.There are many reasons to write this way. One reason is that you get to write as much as you want. Another reason is that you can actually learn more by writing than by reading books and taking tests. You will also be able to improve on your writing skills wi th this type of writing.Argumentative essay topics with samples can help you figure out what subject matter is right for you. This may be something that you never thought of before, or you may have been writing in one subject for years. It is fun to see that you were wrong in any of those areas.You can also get practice by taking these sample essays and using them in the different essay subjects. You will be surprised at how many different topics you can tackle with this type of writing. After a while, you will be able to write a simple discussion paper on any topic.Students who have never done formal argumentative writing will be able to enjoy the process and still have fun writing. This will make them less likely to feel intimidated and it will make the process enjoyable. When you get bored, then you can take a break from it.To get started, you can take a look at the samples available on the internet or find some in your school library. Do some research on the topic, write a draft , and rewrite it as many times as necessary until you are satisfied with the essay. As long as you work hard and keep practicing, you will have no trouble writing the final version of the essay.

When I began to look at the relationship between C Essay Example For Students

When I began to look at the relationship between C Essay hris Markers film, La Jetee, and Roland Barthess book, Camera Lucida, I was thinking only about their most obvious link: photography. The more I looked, though, the more Marker and Barthes seemed to have in common. It was almost uncanny. Some things had to be twisted a little, but the strangest sort of interplay between the two works seemed to be happening, and it felt as if I were the first to discover it. For example, the first lines in the film, This is the story of a man marked by an image from his childhood, coincide amazingly well with Barthess story, branded by the image from his Mothers childhood, and subsequently his own. Even where they differ, it seems to me that the fact that Marker and Barthes are even considering the same ideas upon which they can differ is an amazing similarity. Perhaps every single major idea Barthes addresses in his novel I can find addressed in La Jetee. Because of this fact, and because of the power of both works, I was led at the end of my researc h to some new, yet fundamental ideas about the nature of photography itself. We will write a custom essay on When I began to look at the relationship between C specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now One of the most interesting aspects of this study, and also the most challenging, is the nature of Markers film itself. Simply the fact that I have to put the word film in quotes when applying it to La Jetee is perhaps the strongest evidence of the enigma that this film has been throughout its history. What exactly is la Jetee? This is a question that haunted my research. How do you take a book about photography, and apply its statements to this film? Now, obviously there are some answers to this question. Markers film is of course largely about photography because it is largely photography. However, in many ways it also defies classification. We have a series of heterogeneous photographs. There is nothing to separate them out from any other photographs that one might find in the world, except that they are given a narrative. Suddenly a film is created. Yet, I would propose that the soul of Markers film is still photography, and that film is its heart. Thus, though there were some ve ry perplexing issues in applying Barthess ideas to La Jetee, I found that on the whole it could be done without making many stretches or leaps in interpretation. A startling number of similar themes and motifs are present in each of the works. As I said, the number of parallels is uncanny, and Barthes and Marker are certainly examining the same fundamental ideas that lie at the center of the photograph. Death, time, memory, history in the sense of the individual photographs history, and the raw power and mystery of the photographic image are all issues that are explored in both works. Barthes and Marker are looking at the same things in different ways. Barthess method is lucid and personal. It is essentially a long critical essay in a very liberal form. The important thing is that no interpretation is necessary, Barthes is telling us exactly what he thinks and feels about photography. We can learn from Camera Lucida and look at it in light of something else, but alone it is unassail able, we cannot read between the lines. La Jetee, however, is completely different. Marker is not simply examining the fundamental aspects of photography and giving us conclusions. Instead, he is playing off of these fundamental ideas, both on a theoretical level and upon that of the average persons paradigms. His film requires interpretation, and has gotten a great deal of it. I found Barthess book to be a perfect vehicle for this task. Barthes writes that, the photograph is violent. It is violent because on each occasion it fills the sight by force, and because nothing in it can be refused or transformed. What he means is that the photograph is only what you see, and nothing more. The individual photograph cannot be interpreted, it yields itself wholly to the viewer, and the viewer cannot and does not need to go anywhere else but to the photograph in order to understand it. I stress this point now because it is important when examining La Jetee. If the photograph arrests interpret ation, then one must go to the narration of the film to find out what Marker is trying to say. This is where the brilliance of La Jetee is for me. The photographs in the movie except for those of the time traveling experimentscould be pictures from just about anywhere, relating to just about anything, so one must ask, Why this story? When one does ask this question, the film opens up, and an understanding of what Marker is saying begins to form. I am not sure that I can totally agree with Barthess comment that the photograph arrests interpretation. I believe he must be speaking strictly of the image itself, of the actual action of looking at it. However, this is not where the mystery of the photograph lies. The mystery is behind the photograph, and this is why so many questions arise when people look at certain pictures. So very often, when looking at a photo, I want to know What. What is going on in this photo? How did the events leading up to it come about? Who are these people? How did the photographer do that? What, essentially, is the story behind this photograph. Obviously, Barthes is aware of this characteristic of the photograph. Looking at Kerteszs portrait of a young schoolboy, he exclaims, it is possible that Ernest, a schoolboy photographed in 1931 by Kertesz, is still alive today (but where? How? What a novel!) Barthes is looking at the future of the photographed subject, rather than the story behind it, but the re is still this underlying desire on the part of the viewer to want to know more. Furthermore, I believe that Marker, in La Jetee, is playing off of this instinctive desire of the viewer. He is giving the viewer of the story the History that he yearns for. As I said before, most of the pictures in the film are not strange or unbelievable. They are not science fiction, as is the story. Even the pictures of the time traveling experiments could, on second glance, be taken for some sort of Vietnam War photographs. What I am trying to say is that none of the photos in the film need this particular story in order to have a believable history. They are almost all ordinary photographs, and Marker is playing off this fact. One gets the feeling that he could almost have picked up some random family album and simply mad up a story to go along with the pictures he saw. Of course, this is not what Marker did. The story, an utterly fantastic fiction, is well chosen. Through the irony of this imp ossible story and these entirely possible photographs, Marker is saying that though the photograph may be so forcefully clear, so completely fact, this history that we yearn for can never be true to the photograph. Instead, it will always be a story, and if we ask for the history of the photograph we will get a narrative fiction. Moreover, this history, being a fiction, and therefore blind to all the facts, will leave us wanting, with as many if not more questions than when we began. This is why so many things in the film are not told to the viewer, who is made all the more aware of these gaps because there is a narration in the first place. We do not know anything really about the experiments, or the camp, or the war, or characters. We are not even told the name of the hero or the name of any character in the film for that matter! This fact leaves me thinking of all the photographs there must be in the world with nameless people in them. Even if one were to be given a history of th ese photographs, one essential question could never be answered: Who is that person?In fact, if there is one very striking thing in La Jetee, it is indeed this coalescence of sorts between the representation (what there is to see: theimages) and the experience (what there is to feel: the affect); we cannot think of La Jetee without being touched, moved, and even deeply upset. It is a film that leaves its mark, that cannot easily be forgotten. Near the beginning of his book Barthes writes that the photograph is composed of three practices: to do, to undergo, to look. These are the three things that are involved in the function of the photograph. The spectator is the viewer of it, the operator is he who takes the picture, and the target is that thing which is photographed. In La Jetee, the spectator and the target are obvious, but as soon as I read this in Camera Lucida I wondered, Who is the operator? It does not, to me, seem to be Marker for some reason. He seems connected with the story of the film, and perhaps with the order and composition of the photographs, but I cannot imagine him as the actual photographer. Not because he could not be the photographer, but the because the photographs in the film just seem to have none. This is, I feel, a large part of what creates the haunting quality of La Jetee mentioned in the quote above. We are used to photographs having a photographer, but here we have none. Even the occasion al anonymous in place of a photographs name is something, we know that it came from somewhere. Now obviously the photographs in the film came from somewhere, and were of course carefully planned out, but I cannot shake the haunting feeling I get when I think about and view the film. We have a director, not a photographer, and subsequently, for me, the photos in the film feel somehow ghostly and ethereal. .u374ade41cdc61e1dc741da6c94d925f0 , .u374ade41cdc61e1dc741da6c94d925f0 .postImageUrl , .u374ade41cdc61e1dc741da6c94d925f0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u374ade41cdc61e1dc741da6c94d925f0 , .u374ade41cdc61e1dc741da6c94d925f0:hover , .u374ade41cdc61e1dc741da6c94d925f0:visited , .u374ade41cdc61e1dc741da6c94d925f0:active { border:0!important; } .u374ade41cdc61e1dc741da6c94d925f0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u374ade41cdc61e1dc741da6c94d925f0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u374ade41cdc61e1dc741da6c94d925f0:active , .u374ade41cdc61e1dc741da6c94d925f0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u374ade41cdc61e1dc741da6c94d925f0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u374ade41cdc61e1dc741da6c94d925f0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u374ade41cdc61e1dc741da6c94d925f0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u374ade41cdc61e1dc741da6c94d925f0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u374ade41cdc61e1dc741da6c94d925f0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u374ade41cdc61e1dc741da6c94d925f0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u374ade41cdc61e1dc741da6c94d925f0 .u374ade41cdc61e1dc741da6c94d925f0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u374ade41cdc61e1dc741da6c94d925f0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Evaluation of 12 Angry Men Using the Seven Step Me EssayThere are, I believe, two imagesone from the film, and the other from the bookthat are amazingly similar in their function within their respective works and can be paralleled in two major ways. One is Barthess Winter Garden photographthe photo of his mother as a child that he uses to explore the link between memory and the photograph, and through which he discovers the photographs amazing power of being able to capture the air of a person. The image from the film, which parallels the Winter Garden photograph, is the image of the woman (the heroine of the film) on the jetty. It is, for the hero, the only peacetime imag e to survive the war, and it is the only thing that he loves or that gives him hope. This image also has to do with memory and it is, in fact, a memory of the heros. Furthermore, it holds, for him and for the viewer of the film, the air of that character in the film. Barthes sits down one day shortly after his mothers death to sort and compile the photographs of her. Why? Because this is what people do in modern society. We use the photograph as a memory device. It is ritualistic, so intertwined with memory as to be a supplement to it. We keep photographs of people so that we can remember what they will look like, and after their death a photograph of them is placed above their coffin or on their grave. However, though Barthes engages in the ritual, he denies the photograph as memory. Not only is the photograph never, in essence, a memorybut it actuallyblocks memory, quickly becomes a counter-memory. One day, somefriends were talking about their childhood memories; they had any number;but I, who had just been looking at my old photographs, had none left. This idea is an interesting one, and it is tied up with Barthess idea of Death and the photograph, which I shall deal with later. For now, I turn to the image of the woman on the jetty and its relation to memory. The first thing that struck me about the Jetty Image is that it seems, to me, to be an impossible image. The woman is staring thoughtfully into the distance, her fingers frozen on her lips in a pensive, poetic manner. It is an immediately striking image, and purposefully soit is the first time you see her in the film. But, it is first and foremost the mans memory of her, and it seems to me to be an impossible memory; the perfect frozen gesture, the hair blowing in the winddo people really remember this way?! What is Marker saying here about memory? Could he not have used a picture that was less stylized, more ordinary? This image is a central part of the film. It stays on screen form several seconds, long enough for the narrator to say a few sentences. Had he really seen it, the narrator asks, Or had he invented that tender moment? So is Marker saying that memory is invented, made into a likeness of the photograph by the mind, fantastic and romantic, or that memory is being replaced by the photograph, that we can no longer distinguish between the image on paper and the one in our heads? I cannot say for sure. Later in the film, during the early part of the heros time travels, he is bombarded by images. Other images appear, merge, in that museum, which is, perhaps, his memory. If memory is like a museum, a place where art is kept, then memory is like art, man made and built to please or perhaps horrify, but always constructed. I would not say, however, that Marker is proposing that the photograph is a counter-memory. The fact that this photographic photograph is used as a mans memory is saying something different, either that the photo is replacing memory, or that memory is photographic in the sense that it is stylized and fictionalized. The link between Barthess Winter Garden photo and Markers Jetty Image does not end with memory, though. They are also similar in that they both represent something more about the person in them than simply their image. Barthes, engaging in his ritualistic study of the photographs of his mother, immediately comes up against a wallnone of the pictures satisfy. He looks through dozens of photos, but he does not recognize his mother. The pictures carry only her likeness, they do not hold her being, her manna. Since photography (this is its noeme) authenticates the existence of a certain being, I want to discover that being in the photograph completely, i.e., in its essence. Suddenly, with this in mind, Barthes comes to the Winter Garden photo, and he has found what he was looking for, he has found her. It is at this point in his book that Barthes begins to consider the power the photograph has of being able to capture the air of a person. The air is a kind of intractable supplement of identityit expresses the subject. It is, furthermore, only through this quality of the air that Barthes believes a photograph comes alive and becomes more than simply a supplement to memory or something one can learn raw facts fr om. The Winter Garden picture becomes for him a symbol, almost an embodiment, of his mother. The Jetty Image serves an analogous function for the hero of the film. In it, Marker certainly has placed the air of the character. I feel that Marker would agree with Barthes about the importance of the air in a photograph, and that he is commenting on the raw power of it when it does happen. Not only does the hero of the film remember this image for his entire life, but also it is, as I said before, the only peacetime image to survive the war. Furthermore, it is the way that the viewer of the movie is introduced to the female character. Marker wants us to feel as struck by this image as the man in the film was; he wants us to see the air of that character in the photograph and remember it long after the movie has ended. The image is poetic and riveting, we are filled with the heros longing. Each photograph is a certificate of presence. Probably the most prevalent, important, and intertwined themes throughout both La Jetee and Camera Lucida are Death and Time. These two issues are at the heart of both the film and the book, and I was astounded by how often Barthes and Marker seem to be exploring these issues in a similar way. Barthes writes that within every photograph there is that terrible thing, which is the return of the dead. For Barthes, the photograph cannot escape from Death. Every single photograph is, at its heart, an image of death. This is because every photograph is shows something that has been. Each photograph shows a moment passed and gone, never to be repeatedin other words, dead. This idea is, in Camera Lucida, tied up with Time. Time, writes Barthes, is engorged in the photograph. Barthes comes to this conclusion through the observation that every photograph has the amazing quality to certify, unequivocally, that this has been. In Barthess opinion (and in my own), It is the advent of the photograph which divides the history of the world. Before the photograph nothing about the times before ones own memory was certain. History and art existed to teach people about the past, but both of these things were interpretations of the facts, fictionalized by the human intermediary. History is lik e a narrative, a story about the past seen through the eyes of certain people, while painting and other arts are simply representations of things, regardless of how hard they try to be realistic. Then, along comes the photograph, and the past is no longer uncertain. From a phenomenological viewpoint, in the Photograph, the power of authentication exceeds the power of representation. The fact of something, the existence of something can now be proven, undeniably, by this image on a sheet of paper, and the world is changed forever. Yet this eventthe proving of the past, of Timeseemingly so wonderful at first glance, is full of irony in Barthess eyes. The photograph, in trying to capture, prove, and celebrate life, unwittingly becomes a symbol of Death. Moreover, as the photograph tries to capture the individual person in order to celebrate, commemorate, or remember them, soon it has gone too far, and far too often the picture is more like a rape of the individual. In an added irony, t he photograph begins by trying to turn man into art, and ends by turning him into a spectacle. The modern age is full of this phenomenon. Bombarded by the media, we are constantly assaulted by the public images of other peoples private lives. Yet they are not real, they are a spectacle. It is through this type of action that photography, for Barthes, has transformed subject into object. A celebrity himself, he comments on the process: for what society makes of my photograph, what it reads there, I do notknowbut when I discover myself the product of this operation, what I see is that I have become Total Image, which is to say, Death in person;othersthe Otherdo not dispossess me of myself, they turn me, ferociously, into an object, they put me at their mercy, at their disposal,classified in a file, ready for the subtlest deceptions How unbelievable it was for me to take these ideas and apply them to La Jetee, a story about a dead man traveling in time to a world of dead people. Sent by a group of scientists who have turned him into an object, and before whom he has no private life, he is to be used and then discarded. Uncanny was an understatement, for Barthes and Marker seem to be seeing exactly the same issues in the photograph. Death and Time are as pervading in La Jetee as they are in Camera Lucida. They are everywhere in the film. Set in a future world of dead people, killed by World War III, the film tells us the story of the survivors, struggling to escape Death. The main character is a man, kept alive and given hope by memories of the scene of his own death, who must travel back in time to the world of the dead to try to save the present. This proves, to me, that Marker also sees that Death and Time are the most striking things about a photograph, and that he views their affect in a similar way to Barth es. When Marker sends his character into the future the inhabitants of that world are like Barthes, viewing a photograph from the past. This photograph, like the hero, is undeniable. Right there before us, it loudly demands that we remember it, that we look back to the certainty of its existence and are aware that it in fact existed, all under the guise of a sophism, which is, for the photograph, art. Moreover, the hero and heroine in the film meet in a museum filled with eternal creatures. Here we have the ultimate marriage between Death and Timea museum not of art, but of geology. Dead creatures in a parody of rebirth, they are put on display in an attempt to recapture their life and create a memory of them. The exact description Barthes gives of the photographic process. Adding another layer, Marker takes photographs of these statues and puts them in a story, thereby effectively removing them from time altogether. For this is what stories do, they negate time by taking you and pl acing you within the fiction of the story where real time is irrelevant. Perhaps this is what creates that strange, haunting quality of film, the certainty of the photograph combined with the fiction of the narrative. .u63e89a17cac7cdfc5a6ac30978c27923 , .u63e89a17cac7cdfc5a6ac30978c27923 .postImageUrl , .u63e89a17cac7cdfc5a6ac30978c27923 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u63e89a17cac7cdfc5a6ac30978c27923 , .u63e89a17cac7cdfc5a6ac30978c27923:hover , .u63e89a17cac7cdfc5a6ac30978c27923:visited , .u63e89a17cac7cdfc5a6ac30978c27923:active { border:0!important; } .u63e89a17cac7cdfc5a6ac30978c27923 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u63e89a17cac7cdfc5a6ac30978c27923 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u63e89a17cac7cdfc5a6ac30978c27923:active , .u63e89a17cac7cdfc5a6ac30978c27923:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u63e89a17cac7cdfc5a6ac30978c27923 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u63e89a17cac7cdfc5a6ac30978c27923 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u63e89a17cac7cdfc5a6ac30978c27923 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u63e89a17cac7cdfc5a6ac30978c27923 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u63e89a17cac7cdfc5a6ac30978c27923:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u63e89a17cac7cdfc5a6ac30978c27923 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u63e89a17cac7cdfc5a6ac30978c27923 .u63e89a17cac7cdfc5a6ac30978c27923-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u63e89a17cac7cdfc5a6ac30978c27923:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Overpopulation EssayThe hero of the film is, like the subject of the modern photograph, turned into an object. He is used by the scientists in the name of the race, much as a journalist uses the image in the name of society. He has no private life, The thought police see even into dreams. Barthes writes, the age of the photograph corresponds precisely to the explosion of the private into the public. At the end of the film the man is shot down, killed because he is no longer useful. Barthes writes, The only way that I can transform the Photograph is into refuse: either the drawer or the wastebasket. To end my analysis, I shall address one of Barthess most powerful and most important ideas in Camera Lucida, that of the punctum. The punctum of a picture is what, for Barthes, makes that picture special. It is a detail within a picture that somehow makes that picture stand out and prick the viewer. A photographs punctum is that accident which pricks me (but also bruises me, is poignant to me). Not all photographs have a punctum, and every photograph might have a different punctum for a each different person viewing it, but when the punctum is there the picture suddenly becomes alive for the viewer. For Barthes, the punctum is a necessary quality for any great photograph, it is the only thing that can make a photograph come alive. My first photography teacher often talked about the punctum, pointing it out in whatever photographs he found it in, and it is an idea that has been ingrained in my head for some time. So, when I first saw La Jetee, I immediately asked myself: What is its punctum? An answer came to me right away, and I felt very certain of it, but at the end of my research I came to question it, and was led to an alternate choice. This first thought, though, was that the punctum in Markers film is that one and only moment in the movie in which there is true movement (created with a motion camera rather than a photographic camera). The scene in which this happens is a very simple yet extremely powerful one, falling very close to the middle of the movie. The heroine of the film is lying in a bed, asleep. Though under the covers, we assume she is undressed and that she and the man whose story this is have just made love. We are shown a series of pictures of her like this. There is no music, only a sligh t and haunting rustling sound that begins quietly and builds to a crescendo. The pictures fade into one another, giving the illusion of movement, and then back into blackness. Suddenly, in the last photo, we see her open her eyes. As the rustling sound builds to a height we realize that this is not a trick of sandwiching negativesthis is actual film, we can see her breathing!! She stares right at the camera, which represents the mans point of view, and she blinks before fading to black. I was immediately struck by this moment the first time I saw the film, as were the people who watched it with me. Almost every person in the audience gasped or made some sort of comment. For me, it is the most memorable and powerful moment in the film. Moreover, I believe it is perhaps the most important moment in the journey of the main character as well. We are looking, at this point, through his eyes, and suddenly we see movement, suddenly the woman comes alive and is no longer frozen and dead lik e a photograph but moving and fluid like film. Or like a memory. Suddenly, in light of this part of the film, I am rethinking my earlier conclusion that Marker would not see the photograph as a counter-memory. If this moment is so important, so striking and memorable to the main character, whyif the photograph is like memorydoes Marker use film here? What makes this so interesting is that the only two images in the film that I am certain are from the heros point of view are this image and the Jetty Image. What is Marker trying to say? Is the photograph not like memory at all, is the Jetty Image a pure fabrication, or are both parts of the film equally a part of the characters memory? Once again, I cannot be sure, but I can say for certain that I think the film sequence is a true memory of the character, and that it is the photograph I am uncertain of. Another interesting aspect of this punctum of the film is that Marker achieves the power of this moment in the film by negating photography.He seems to be proving Barthess point that the photograph cannot escape death because at this point the woman comes alive for me, and also for the character in the film. She is suddenly living and breathing, real to both the viewer and the character, and photography had to be negated to achieve this effect. As I began to explore this idea, and as I began to reexamine Barthess idea of the punctum, I began to rethink this original conclusion. This is because Barthes wrote that the punctum of a photograph is that thing which makes it stand out, makes it prick the viewer. When I thought about it, though, I realized that most, if not nearly all of the images in La Jetee prick me, and then I realized that the entire movie pricks me. Looking at the individual photographs in the film, I realized that not every one really struck me as an individual photograph, and that yet somehow they did strike me within the experience of the film. Then I realized that what I was looking for was exactly what I had already decided I needed to look to for my answers: the narration. So, I propose that the narration, the story, in La Jetee is its punctum, that thing which makes these photographs stand out and prick the viewer. Another way to put it would be to say that the punctum of La Jetee is that it is a film, and not a slide show. Yet this does not negate the video image in the film as its own punctum. That part is the punctum of the story within the film, and the narration is the punctum of the film itself. To conclude, I would say that Roland Barthes and Chris Marker are, in their respective works of Camera Lucida and La Jetee, exploring the nature of photography and that, furthermore, they have come to, on the whole, almost exactly the same conclusions. They both are addressing Time, Death, and memory. They are both aware that these three things are deeply ingrained in the nature of the photograph and that they cannot be avoided by a person involved in the photograph, whether he be spectator, target, or operator. They are also examining the unique affects, powers, and characteristics of the photographic. Things such as the power of the photograph to capture the air of a person, or the power of specific photographs to come alive or deeply affect someone. Also, they are both aware of t he negative affects of the photograph in the modern age, and the modern persons tendency to become unfeeling in the face of so much symbolic Death. As I said before, the amount and quality of the parallels between La Jetee and Camera Lucida is uncanny, and I feel like there is much more that could be written on the subject. Alas, I do not have the time to delve any more deeply, and I shall end this study here.